{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:57:07Z","timestamp":1774954627572,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum that can be either acute or chronic in presentation. Symptoms include rectal bleeding, constipation, rectal discharge, rectal pain, and tenesmus. It is commonly associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. However, it is important to consider the infectious causes of proctitis such as the sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as these can mimic the symptoms and pathology of IBD. We present the case of a young male sailor with subacute rectal bleeding who was hospitalized with initial concern for an index presentation of IBD. Endoscopic evaluation revealed proctitis although findings were atypical for inflammation related to IBD. Acquisition of additional history revealed that he had both receptive and insertive anal intercourse with both male and female partners. A full STI screening, including HIV was performed. Results were positive for both rectal C. trachomatis and HIV antigen and antibody serology, which were confirmed as HIV-1 on confirmatory testing. He was treated with doxycycline for his chlamydial proctitis with symptom resolution and was also initiated on antiretroviral therapy for his HIV infection. This case highlights the importance of obtaining a sexual history and considering STIs as a cause of proctitis, as this will ensure proper screenings and prompt subsequent treatment and potentially avoid unnecessary endoscopic and medical evaluation, which could potentially worsen the underlying process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T12:49:51Z","timestamp":1707742191000},"page":"e426-e428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chlamydial Proctitis Mimicking Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Young Active Duty Sailor With Undiagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Logan","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA 92134,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA 92134,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA 92134,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Sadowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, CA 92134,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042508420349900_R1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2021","author":"CDC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042508420349900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b76c42","article-title":"Sentinel surveillance of rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea among males\u2014San Francisco, 2005-2008","volume":"37","author":"Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042508420349900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2012.690465","article-title":"Rates of asymptomatic nonurethral gonorrhea and chlamydia in a population of university men who have sex with men","volume":"60","author":"Pinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025042508420349900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i25.3317","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum proctosigmoiditis is a mimicker of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Gallegos","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025042508420349900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.08.004","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of colorectal sexually transmitted diseases due to their resemblance to inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"75","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025042508420349900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S57540","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum: diagnostic and treatment challenges","volume":"8","author":"Ceovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"2025042508420349900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S865","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ756","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum 2015: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"61","author":"Stoner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025042508420349900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211934","article-title":"Postexposure doxycycline to prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections","volume":"388","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025042508420349900_R9","first-page":"689","article-title":"HIV surveillance\u2014United States 1981\u20132008","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025042508420349900_R10","article-title":"Department of Defense, instruction 6485.01. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in military service members","author":"Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025042508420349900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000614","article-title":"New human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis independently associated with rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia in men who have sex with men","volume":"44","author":"Barbee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025042508420349900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.6390","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"321","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042508420349900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0799-8","article-title":"Risk perception, sexual behaviors, and PrEP adherence among substance-using men who have sex with men: a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"Storholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prevent Sci"},{"key":"2025042508420349900_R14","article-title":"By race\/ethnicity, blacks have highest number needing PrEP in the United States, 2015","author":"Smith"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/190\/1-2\/e426\/56662683\/usae027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/190\/1-2\/e426\/56662683\/usae027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T12:42:10Z","timestamp":1745584930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/190\/1-2\/e426\/7606574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usae027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}}}