{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:47:30Z","timestamp":1740170850389,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015416","name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-21-2-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-21-2-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015416","name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-21-2-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-21-2-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With similar prevalence to injuries from fires, stings, and natural disasters, soft tissue injuries may occur from fireworks, industrial accidents, or other explosives. Surgeons are less familiar with treating high-velocity penetration from small debris, which may increase the chance of infection and subsequent fatality. Penetration risk curves have been developed to predict V50, the velocity with 50% probability of penetration, for various sized projectiles. However, there has been limited research using nonmetallic materials to achieve lower density projectiles less than 1\u2009g cm\u22122, such as sand or rocks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To emulate the size and density of these energized particles, 14 ball bearings of stainless steel, silicon nitride, or Delrin acetal plastic ranging from 1.59\u2009mm (1\/16\u201d) to 9.53\u2009mm (3\/8\u201d) with sectional densities between 0.3 g cm\u22122 and 5\u2009 g cm\u22122 were launched toward porcine legs at a range of velocities to determine the penetration thresholds. High-speed videography was captured laterally at 40\u2009kHz and impact velocity was captured using a physics-based tracking software. A generalized linear model with repeated measures and a logit link function was used to predict probability of penetration for each projectile. A total of 600 impacts were conducted to achieve at least 15 penetrating impacts for each projectile over a range of velocities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Higher impact velocities were required to penetrate the skin as sectional density of the projectile decreased, and the relationship between velocity and sectional density exhibited an exponential relationship (V50, $ = 184.6*S{D^{ - 0.385}}$, R2\u2009=\u20090.95) with substantial change for nonlinearity in sectional densities ranging from 0.3 g cm\u22122 to 1\u2009 g cm\u22122. Compared to previous studies, the empirical relationship was consistent in the linear region (2-5\u2009 g cm\u22122), and novel experimentation filled in the gaps for sectional densities less than 1\u2009 g cm\u22122, which expressed more nonlinearity than previously estimated. For low-density projectiles with diameters of 1.59 (1\/16\u201d) or 3.18 (1\/8\u201d), 32 impacts were lodged into the epidermis but did not penetrate through the dermis; however, penetration was defined as displacement into or through the dermis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These experimental results may be used to develop and validate finite element simulations of low-density projectile impacts to address complex, multivariate loading conditions for the development of protective clothing to reduce wounding and subsequent infection rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T21:25:05Z","timestamp":1724102705000},"page":"517-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Penetration Thresholds of Porcine Limbs for Low Sectional 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