{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:21:28Z","timestamp":1778307688222,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019923","name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF2120034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF2120034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019923","name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF2120034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF2120034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High-rate non-penetrating blunt impacts to the thorax, such as from impacts to protective equipment, can lead to a wide range of thoracic injuries. These injuries can include rib fractures, lung contusions, and abdominal organ contusions. Ovine animals have been used to study such impacts, in a variety of ways, including in silico. To properly model these impacts in silico, it is imperative that the tissues impacted are properly characterized. The objective of this study is to characterize and validate two tissues impacted that are adjacent to the point of impact\u2014costal cartilage and hide. Heretofore, these materials have not been characterized for use in computational models despite their nearly immediate engagement in the high-rate, non-penetrating loading environment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ovine costal cartilage and hide samples were procured from a local abattoir following USDA regulations. Costal cartilage samples were then cut into ASTM D638 Type V tensile coupons and compressive disks for testing. The cartilage tensile coupons were tested at 150\u2009\u03b5\/s, and the compressive samples were tested at \u2212150\u2009\u03b5\/s. Identical coupons and disks were then simulated in LS-Dyna using a hyperelastic material model based on test data and experimental boundary conditions. Hide samples were shaved and cut into ASTM D638 Type V tensile coupons and validated in silico using identical boundary conditions and an Ogden rubber model based on test data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The structural responses of costal cartilage and hide are presented and exhibit typical behavior for biological specimens. The respective model fits in LS-Dyna were a hyperelastic- based \u201csimplified rubber\u201d for the costal cartilage and an Ogden rubber for the hide. The costal cartilage had a mean failure strain of 0.094\u2009\u00b1\u20090.040 in tension and \u22120.1755\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0642 in compression. The costal cartilage was also noted to have an order-of-magnitude difference in the stresses observed experimentally between the tensile and compressive experiments. Hide had a mean failure strain of 0.2358\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1362. The energies for all three simulations showed material stability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, we successfully characterized the mechanical behavior of the hide and costal cartilage in an ovine model. The data are intended for use in computational analogs of the ovine model for testing non-penetrating blunt impact in silico. To improve upon these models, rate sensitivity should be included, which will require additional mechanical testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:10:14Z","timestamp":1714666214000},"page":"539-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing and Modeling Ovine Hide and Costal Cartilage for Use in Modeling High-Rate Non-Penetrating Blunt Impact"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia K","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC 27101,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9230-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette 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