{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:27:01Z","timestamp":1787009221459,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-21-9-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-9-0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-21-9-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-9-0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the 44-mm clay penetration criterion was developed in the 1970s for soft body armor applications, and the researchers acknowledged the need to conduct additional tests, the same behind the armor blunt trauma displacement limit is used for both soft and hard body armor evaluations and design considerations. Because the human thoraco-abdominal contents are heterogeneous, have different skeletal coverage, and have different functional requirements, the same level of penetration limit does not imply the same level of protection. It is important to determine the regional responses of different thoraco-abdominal organs to better describe human tolerance and improve the current behind armor blunt trauma standard. The purpose of this study was to report on the methods, procedures, and data collected from swine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Live swine tests were conducted after obtaining approvals from the local institution and the Army Care and Use Review Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. Trachea tubes and an intravenous line were introduced before administering anesthesia. Pressure transducers were inserted into the lungs and aorta. An indenter simulating the backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics to human cadavers was used to deliver impact loading to the liver region. A triaxial accelerometer was included in the indenter design. The animals were monitored for 6 hours, necropsies were performed, and injuries were identified. Biomechanical data of the energy, velocity, deflection, viscous criterion, force, and impulse variables were obtained for each test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peak accelerations, velocities, deflections, forces, impulse, and energies ranged from 897 to 5,808\u2009g, 21 to 59\u2009m\/s, 1.96 to 8.87\u2009cm, 2.3 to 13.1 kN, 1.1 to 7.1 Ns, and 58 to 387\u2009J, respectively. The peak viscous criterion ranged from 0.8 to 5.8\u2009m\/s. All animals survived the 6-hour survival period. Three animals responded with liver lacerations while the remaining 4 did not have any injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experimental design based on parallel tests with whole body human cadavers and cadaver swine was found to be successful in delivering controlled impacts to the liver region of live swine and reproducing liver injuries. Previously used biomechanical measures as potential candidates for injury criteria development were obtained. Using this proven model, tests with additional samples are needed to develop injury risk curves for liver impacts and obtain regional (liver) injury criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T02:29:58Z","timestamp":1713148198000},"page":"659-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Behind Armor Blunt Trauma: Liver Injuries Using a Live Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2238-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"Koser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D","family":"Stemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Somberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeta Carol","family":"Chancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics and Protection Group, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory , Fort Novosel, AL 36362, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"McEntire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics and Protection Group, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory , Fort Novosel, AL 36362, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024082004161703400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-11-00303","article-title":"Origin of the 44-mm behind-armor blunt trauma standard","volume":"177","author":"Hanlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2024082004161703400_R2","article-title":"Backface signatures of soft body armors and the associated trauma effects. 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