{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:48:55Z","timestamp":1779317335201,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maanpuolustuksen kannatuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"},{"name":"Maanpuolustuksen kannatuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral health is a crucial factor for service safety among military pilots, but studies specifically on pilots are still very few in Finland. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of military student pilots compared to other conscripts of the same age group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The data were collected during the oral health examinations of the annual class of the Pilot Reserve Officer Course students at the beginning of their duty at the Air Force Academy (N\u2009=\u200938). A voluntary random sample of conscripts\u2019 oral health data (N\u2009=\u2009574) collected from the 8 largest garrisons was used as a peer group. The study included males born between 2000 and 2002. The examinations were conducted in accordance with the WHO guidelines. Values of decayed (DT), missing, and filled teeth as well as the combined decayed, missing, and filled teeth value were recorded along with Basic Erosive Wear Examination scoring and Community Periodontal Index. The study was designed in accordance with the STROBE guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The proportion of student pilots without any decayed teeth (DT\u2009=\u20090) was 42.1% with third molars and 44.7% without third molars. Among other conscripts, the proportions were 29.1% and 30.8%, respectively. Mean DT values among student pilots were 1.16 (third molars included) and 1.11 (third molars not included) (P\u2009=\u2009.543), and among other conscripts 1.10 and 1.00 (P\u2009=\u2009.429), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth values were 2.50 among student pilots and 3.34 among others (third molars included), and 2.18 and 3.10 (without third molars), respectively (P\u2009=\u2009.289 and .211).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The proportion of student pilots with at least moderate erosive tooth wear (Basic Erosive Wear Examination sum\u2009&amp;gt;\u20092) was 68.4%, while for other conscripts it was 22.1% (P\u2009=\u2009.000). None of the student pilots fell into Community Periodontal Index class 3 or 4, whereas 9.9% of other conscripts did (P\u2009=\u2009.006).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The student pilots exhibited good overall oral health, which differed from that of other conscripts, mainly in terms of erosive changes. Continuous monitoring is crucial, as maintaining optimal oral health is vital for reducing the risk of barodontalgia and thus improving flight safety. Therefore, it is important to be aware that those who aspire to be military pilots are at an increased risk of erosive changes to their teeth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaf022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T17:35:12Z","timestamp":1737740112000},"page":"e1601-e1607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dental Caries, Erosive Tooth Wear, and Periodontal Status of Military Student Pilots in Finland: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5181-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annakaisa","family":"Muhonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Defence Forces, Centre for Military Medicine , Riihim\u00e4ki, 11311,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, 00014,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarja","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90220,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"North Ostrobothnia Wellbeing Services County, Oulu University Hospital , Pohde, PL 10, 90029,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"P\u00e4kkil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90014,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Huttunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Defence Forces, Centre for Military Medicine , Riihim\u00e4ki, 11311,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90220,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Defence Forces, Centre for Military Medicine , Riihim\u00e4ki, 11311,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernelle","family":"Moilanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90220,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pertti","family":"Patinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90220,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuomo","family":"Leino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University Finland , Helsinki, PL 7, 00861,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Tj\u00e4derhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, 00014,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vuokko","family":"Anttonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, 90220,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"K\u00e4mppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, 00014,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070106315541900_R1","article-title":"Defence Forces\u2019 Statement of human resources 2021 (in Finnish), 2022","author":"Finnish Defence Forces"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R2","article-title":"Are you interested in a pilot\u2019s career in the Finnish Defence Forces?","author":"Finnish Defence Forces"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070106315541900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359709115415","article-title":"Dental health and dental treatment needs among recruits of the Finnish Defence Forces, 1919\u201391","volume":"55","author":"Ankkuriniemi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070106315541900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000346435","article-title":"Geographical distribution of dental caries prevalence and associated factors in young adults in Finland","volume":"47","author":"K\u00e4mppi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070106315541900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.767932","article-title":"Prevalence and polarization of dental caries among young, healthy adults: cross-sectional epidemiological study","volume":"71","author":"Tanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070106315541900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063032","article-title":"Association of temporomandibular disorder symptoms with physical fitness among Finnish conscripts","volume":"18","author":"Miettinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R7","first-page":"26","article-title":"Barodontalgia: toothache triggered by pressure changes (in Finnish)","volume":"31(6-7)","author":"Oudman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Suom Hammasl\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4ril"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070106315541900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.12.004","article-title":"Barodontalgia","volume":"35","author":"Zadik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070106315541900_R9","first-page":"593","article-title":"In-flight barodontalgia: analysis of 29 cases in military aircrew","volume":"78","author":"Zadik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R10","volume-title":"Dental Fitness Standards for Military Personnel and the NATO Dental Fitness Classification System. Edition B, Version 1","author":"NATO Standard AMedP-4.4","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025070106315541900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2011.937","article-title":"Is there a differential in the dental health of new recruits to the British Armed Forces? A pilot study","volume":"211","author":"Elmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2061","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa155","article-title":"Dental caries risk in the U.S. Air Force: 2009 to 2017","volume":"185","author":"Schindler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070106315541900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.170.6.542","article-title":"Dental risk assessment for military personnel","volume":"170","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070106315541900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0754.164375","article-title":"Periodontal diseases in military aviation crew: a pilot study in armed forces","volume":"7","author":"Thankappan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int Clin Dent Res Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070106315541900_R15","first-page":"137","article-title":"Bruxism in military pilots and non-pilots: tooth wear and psychological stress","volume":"78","author":"Lurie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070106315541900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2022.47","article-title":"Prevalence of bruxism and associated occupational stress in Saudi Arabian fighter pilots","volume":"37","author":"Al-Khalifa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070106315541900_R17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Aviation stress and dental attrition","volume":"53","author":"Kaushik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind J Aerospace Med"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/2155-8213.103928","article-title":"A methodological pilot study on oral health of young, healthy males","volume":"3(3)","author":"Anttonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dental Hypotheses"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R19","article-title":"International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS)","author":"ICDAS"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-007-0181-5","article-title":"Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE): a new scoring system for scientific and clinical needs","volume":"12(Suppl 1)","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070106315541900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10070122","article-title":"Caries experience and erosive tooth wear in Finnish men conscripts 2021: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Patinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R22","volume-title":"Oral Health Surveys, Basic Methods","author":"World Oral Health Organization","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070106315541900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-022-00717-5","article-title":"The association between dental caries and physical activity, physical fitness, and background factors among Finnish male conscripts","volume":"111","author":"Huttunen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12078","article-title":"Dietary and oral hygiene habits of active athletes and adolescents attending ordinary junior high schools","volume":"24(5)","author":"Anttonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070106315541900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03774","article-title":"The impact of oral health on physical fitness: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Bramantoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070106315541900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.167","article-title":"Erosive tooth wear: a review on global prevalence and on its prevalence in risk groups","volume":"224","author":"Schlueter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04562-2","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of erosive tooth wear among young adults in the Singapore military","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070106315541900_R28","first-page":"275","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of dental erosion","volume":"47","author":"Kanzow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070106315541900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.921","article-title":"Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Manfredini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070106315541900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2019.01.001","article-title":"Level of work stress and factors associated with bruxism in the military crew of the Peruvian Air Force","volume":"75","author":"Mar\u00edn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025070106315541900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552491","article-title":"Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990\u20132010: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"93","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.2260106.x","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to periodontitis in children and young adults","volume":"26(1)","author":"Hodge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070106315541900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12019","article-title":"Epidemiology and demographics of aggressive periodontitis","volume":"65","author":"Susin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070106315541900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00457.x","article-title":"Risk factors for periodontal disease","volume":"62","author":"Genco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"2025070106315541900_R35","article-title":"Health 2000 survey (in Finnish)","volume-title":"National Public Health Institute","author":"Adult oral health in Finland"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070106315541900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2754.2010","article-title":"Fracture of a sound tooth in a pilot under hypobaric conditions","volume":"81","author":"Gunepin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"2025070106315541900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.Tablesement_1.27","article-title":"The impact of retained third molars on the deployed airman","volume":"173","author":"Langsten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"2025070106315541900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3416","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad145","article-title":"Improved wisdom tooth diagnosis can reduce dental disease and nonbattle injuries","volume":"188","author":"Mendoza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/190\/7-8\/e1601\/61621270\/usaf022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/190\/7-8\/e1601\/61621270\/usaf022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:32:04Z","timestamp":1751365924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/190\/7-8\/e1601\/7978841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usaf022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}