{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:27:02Z","timestamp":1787009222561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Military personnel are exposed to a high level of operational stress that degrades their psychophysiological and cognitive performance and could impact the mission. Commando training is a unique opportunity to assess psychological, physiological, and cognitive performance in an ecological setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychological, physiological, and cognitive performance were evaluated at baseline, and before and after a 1-week commando training course consisting of exercises and night walks. Psychological factors (anxiety, subjective stress), physiological measures (heart rate variability, electrodermal conductance), cognitive behavior (cognitive bias, risk-taking, decision-making), and cognitive performance (the MindPulse neurophysiological test) were assessed. Volunteers were 39 young (mean age 21.6\u2009years) French army officers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blind spot bias was found in all participants before training, except for the action-inaction bias. We observed a deterioration in parasympathetic functioning (Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, P\u2009=\u2009.05), an increase in subjective fatigue (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and impaired cognitive performance: reaction time (P\u2009=\u2009.02, F\u2009=\u20095.77), errors (P\u2009=\u2009.03, F\u2009=\u20094.97). Post-training, we observed an emerging group dynamic, notably an increase in avoidance (buck-passing) (P\u2009=\u2009.002, F\u2009=\u200910,43), a reduction of the action-inaction bias (P\u2009=\u2009.009, F\u2009=\u20097.59), ostrich effect (P\u2009=\u2009.008, F\u2009=\u20097.83) and stereotyping bias (P\u2009=\u2009.03, F\u2009=\u20095.11).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Commando training increases stress and impacts the cognitive performance of military personnel. Pre-deployment preparation could consider the need for physiological recovery, and the impact of deployment on cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaf075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T15:35:44Z","timestamp":1740756944000},"page":"e2007-e2015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Commando Training on Stress, Cognitive Performance, and Group Behavior in Military Personnel: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0592-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Trousselard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Essonne, French Military Biomedical Research, IRBA , Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge 91220,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Paris, Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce Military Health Academy , EVDG, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, Paris 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