{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:45:39Z","timestamp":1791229539203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9-10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study addressed the challenge of providing accurate and timely medical diagnostics in military health care settings with limited access to advanced diagnostic tools, such as those encountered in austere environments, remote locations, or during large-scale combat operations. The primary objective was to evaluate the utility of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) language model, as a support tool for health care providers in clinical decision-making and early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The research used an observational cross-sectional cohort design and exploratory predictive techniques. The methodology involved collecting and analyzing data from clinical scenarios based on common general surgery diagnoses\u2014acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, and diverticulitis. These scenarios incorporated age, gender, symptoms, vital signs, physical exam findings, laboratory values, medical and surgical histories, and current medication regimens as data inputs. All collected data were entered into a table for each diagnosis. These tables were then used for scenario creation, with scenarios written to reflect typical patient presentations for each diagnosis. Finally, each scenario was entered into ChatGPT (version 3.5) individually, with ChatGPT then being asked to provide the leading diagnosis for the condition based on the provided information. The output from ChatGPT was then compared to the expected diagnosis to assess the accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A statistically significant difference between ChatGPT\u2019s diagnostic outcomes and clinical diagnoses for acute cholecystitis and diverticulitis was observed, with ChatGPT demonstrating inferior accuracy in controlled test scenarios. A secondary outcome analysis looked at the relationship between specific symptoms and diagnosis. The presence of these symptoms in incorrect diagnoses indicates that they may adversely impact ChatGPT\u2019s diagnostic decision-making, resulting in a higher likelihood of misdiagnosis. These results highlight AI\u2019s potential as a diagnostic support tool but underscore the importance of continued research to evaluate its performance in more complex and varied clinical scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In summary, this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT in identifying three common surgical conditions (acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, and diverticulitis) using comprehensive patient data, including age, gender, medical history, medications, symptoms, vital signs, physical exam findings, and basic laboratory results. The hypothesis was that ChatGPT might display slightly lower accuracy rates than clinical diagnoses made by medical providers. The statistical analysis, which included Fisher\u2019s exact test, revealed a significant difference between ChatGPT\u2019s diagnostic outcomes and clinical diagnoses, particularly in acute cholecystitis and diverticulitis cases. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, as the results indicated that ChatGPT\u2019s diagnostic accuracy significantly differs from clinical diagnostics in the presented scenarios. However, ChatGPT\u2019s overall high accuracy suggests that it can reliably support clinicians, especially in environments where diagnostic resources are limited, and can serve as a valuable tool in military medicine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaf168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T10:53:39Z","timestamp":1747133619000},"page":"e1858-e1862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing Diagnostic Accuracy of ChatGPT to Clinical Diagnosis in General Surgery Consults: A Quantitative Analysis of Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3847-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care Physician Assistant Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Baylor University , Waco, TX 76706,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care Physician Assistant Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Baylor University , Waco, TX 76706,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Hout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care Physician Assistant Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Baylor University , Waco, TX 76706,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Randles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care Physician Assistant Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Baylor University , Waco, TX 76706,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care Physician Assistant Program, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025092416181706000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/3616395","article-title":"There\u2019s an AI revolution? 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