{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:29:08Z","timestamp":1786120148053,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Climate Action Research Program","award":["R02CP7431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R02CP7431"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014576","name":"University of California Office of the President","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F01FP8765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F01FP8765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"California Firefighter Cancer Prevention and Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01-BX004965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01-BX004965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wildfires and wildland urban interface (WUI) fires pose significant health risks to firefighters. Yet, limited information is known about the specific chemical composition of smoke exposure which is needed to develop targeted cancer prevention protocols. Critically, current methods to monitor firefighters\u2019 exposure to these hazardous VOCs are lacking. To address this gap, we developed an automated portable air sampling device capable of identifying and quantifying firefighters\u2019 exposure to toxic VOCs over a 24-hour work period. The device can be mounted to the pump panel on a fire engine with a sheet metal cradle to travel with firefighters as they work or can be mounted on tripods during live fire trainings. Our sampler actively collects air samples through a pump system and concentrates up to four individual air samples onto one of four custom micro-pre-concentrator (\u00b5PC) chemical adsorption chips. Additionally, the device has a simple user interface and records temperature, humidity, and global positioning sensor (GPS) location data on an SD card during sampling. Ten devices were manufactured and verified to capture environmental VOCs in equal quantities and be robust under the high temperatures and heavy vibrations that a fire engine experiences. Devices were deployed by a partner fire department during a 2024 California wildfire. We present successful collection of environmental and chemical data sampled during that fire.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T12:53:40Z","timestamp":1771505620000},"page":"322-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mobile Sampling System to Resolve Firefighter Team Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Britney A V","family":"Gallego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7236-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell M","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"VA Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA 95655,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4613-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Borras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"VA Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA 95655,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kory J","family":"Haydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0049-113X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley S","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehnaz K","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95816,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J","family":"Urwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"International Association of Fire Fighters , Washington, DC 20006,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Los Angeles County Fire Department , Los Angeles, CA 90063,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9878-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina E","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UC Davis Lung Center , Sacramento, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"VA Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA 95655,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00390-4","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter","volume":"23","author":"Demers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210","article-title":"Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718850115","article-title":"Rapid growth of the US wildland\u2013urban interface raises wildfire risk","volume":"115","author":"Radeloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90","article-title":"Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies","volume":"48","author":"LeMasters","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/em.70002","article-title":"\"Epigenetic modifications associated with wildland\u2013urban interface (WUI) firefighting","volume":"66","author":"Goodrich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20126057","article-title":"Evaluating exposure to VOCs and naphthalene for firefighters wearing different PPE configurations through measures in air, exhaled breath, and urine","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meu036","article-title":"Systemic exposure to PAHs and benzene in firefighters suppressing controlled structure fires","volume":"58","author":"Fent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04752","article-title":"Evaluation of firefighter exposure to wood smoke during training exercises at burn houses","volume":"50","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D85","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.890286","article-title":"Exposure of firefighters to particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"11","author":"Baxter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155237","article-title":"Characterizing firefighter\u2019s exposure to over 130 SVOCs using silicone wristbands: a pilot study comparing on-duty and off-duty exposures","volume":"834","author":"Levasseur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111100","article-title":"Evaluation of silicone-based wristbands as passive sampling systems using PAHs as an exposure proxy for carcinogen monitoring in firefighters: evidence from the firefighter cancer initiative","volume":"205","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117306","article-title":"Use of silicone wristbands to measure firefighters\u2019 exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during live fire training","volume":"239","author":"Keir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00304","article-title":"Wearable environmental monitor to quantify personal ambient volatile organic compound exposures","volume":"4","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1039\/d0an01521k","article-title":"An environmental air sampler to evaluate personal exposure to volatile organic compounds","volume":"146","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00289","article-title":"An easy to manufacture micro gas preconcentrator for chemical sensing applications","volume":"2","author":"McCartney","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c04394","article-title":"Data-Driven approach to modeling microfabricated chemical sensor manufacturing","volume":"96","author":"Chew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B17","author":"Schneider"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.05.01","article-title":"Evaluation of the stability of a mixture of volatile organic compounds on sorbents for the determination of emissions from indoor materials and products using thermal desorption\/gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"1350","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B19","volume-title":"Ion","author":"van Diggelen","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr297","article-title":"Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment","volume":"33","author":"McHale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogensis"},{"key":"2026080616031176500_usag087-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20616-6","article-title":"Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elevated cancer incidence in firefighters","volume":"8","author":"Stec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/191\/Supplement_1\/322\/70491036\/usag087.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/191\/Supplement_1\/322\/70491036\/usag087.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:03:18Z","timestamp":1786046598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/191\/Supplement_1\/322\/8752058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usag087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}