{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:59:09Z","timestamp":1781045949045,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Stress fractures affect military personnel at higher rates than the general population. They can lead to serious injury and negatively impact military force readiness. Most prior studies have focused on recruits undergoing basic training. Our goal was to characterize stress fractures over the full spectrum of military career stages to identify whether fracture locations varied by career length.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective chart review was conducted of a 3-year period (January 1, 2017-December 31, 2019) to identify active duty military patients in the National Capital Region diagnosed with a new stress fracture. Patients were stratified by career length: New Recruit (&lt;12 months of service), Early-Career (1-5 years of service), Mid-Career (5-14 years of service), and Late-Career (&gt;14 years of service). The percentage of fractures at each anatomic location was reported and compared by binary career length (New Recruit vs. others) with Chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact tests performed among the full cohort. The total cohort was stratified by sex, and the analysis was repeated separately in males and females. The percentage of patients who presented with multiple fractures was similarly reported and compared by career length, among the full cohort and by sex strata. The study was approved by the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Institutional Review Board, protocol # WRNMMC-2018-0162.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The study population included 446 military members with 537 total fractures. Percentages of femoral neck (11.1% vs. 3.6%, P\u2009=\u2009.001), femoral shaft (8.1% vs. 1.8%, P\u2009=\u2009.001) and pelvis fractures (3.8% vs. 0.7%, P\u2009=\u2009.031) were greater in the New Recruit group compared to the other career-length groups. Percentage of foot fractures was lower (19.2% vs. 34.3%, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) in the New Recruit group vs. the other career-length groups. Percentage of patients presenting with multiple stress fractures (23.7% vs. 10.1%, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) was greater in the New Recruit group vs. the other career-length groups. The significant differences in femoral shaft and foot fractures persisted when males and females were analyzed separately.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our findings support that the distribution of the anatomic locations of stress fractures differs between military members in the New Recruit period versus later in their careers. Specifically, New Recruits had a higher percentage of femoral neck, femoral shaft, and pelvic fractures. Providers may consider having a lower threshold for imaging new recruits with hip pain as this could identify a stress reaction before it becomes a stress fracture. Potential explanations for the findings include sex, training intensity, and force attrition. Some of the significant findings persisted when males and females were analyzed separately, which supports that there are contributions from other factors than patient\u2019s sex. Additional studies are needed to build upon these findings. Limitations included the use of ICD-10 codes and physician reporting to identify stress fractures, the lower numbers of patients once the total study population was stratified by sex, unavailability of bone density data, and unclear generalizability of the findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:20:21Z","timestamp":1779794421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stress Fractures in a U.S. Military Population by Duration of Active Duty\u2014A Retrospective, Sex-Stratified Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J","family":"Spiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H","family":"Prim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora L","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Programs, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed K M","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh D","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, MD 20889,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2005.08.010","article-title":"The pathophysiology of stress fractures","volume":"25","author":"Pepper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B5.4055871","article-title":"A prospective study showing an unusually high incidence","volume":"67","author":"Milgrom","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20170120-03","article-title":"Functional outcomes following surgical management of femoral neck stress fractures","volume":"40","author":"Kusnezov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed.172.9.936","article-title":"Factors associated with discharge during marine corps basic training","volume":"172","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20170120-03","article-title":"Determinants of stress fracture risk in United States military academy cadets","volume":"55","author":"Cosman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0380.19","article-title":"Timing of stress fracture in soldiers during the first 6 career months: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Kardouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00571","article-title":"Epidemiology of lower extremity stress fractures in the United States military","volume":"181","author":"Waterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1311583","article-title":"Stress fracture risk factors in basic combat training","volume":"33","author":"Knapik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514555971","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and stress fractures in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Dao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2020-001406","article-title":"Diagnosis of stress fractures in military trainees: a large-scale cohort","volume":"168","author":"Shapiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Mil Health"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002304","article-title":"Proportion of navy recruits diagnosed with symptomatic stress fractures during training and monetary impact of these injuries","volume":"480","author":"Griffis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1970","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac258","article-title":"Relation of vitamin D level, BMI, and location of lower extremity stress fractures in military trainees","volume":"188","author":"Zalneraitis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2018.09.006","article-title":"Stress fractures in military recruits: a prospective study for evaluation of incidence, patterns of injury and invalidments out of service","volume":"75","author":"Takkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221080440","article-title":"Age and female sex are important risk factors for stress fractures: a nationwide database analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0b013e318053721d","article-title":"Risk factors for bone stress injuries: a follow-up study of 102,515 person-years","volume":"39","author":"Mattila","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/148.8.666","article-title":"Stress fractures in 295 trainees: a one-year study of incidence as related to age, sex, and race","volume":"148","author":"Brudvig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300674","article-title":"Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture: a study of 783 infantry recruits","volume":"76","author":"Milgrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261708","article-title":"Fractures in the collegiate athlete","volume":"32","author":"Hame","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-10-00322","article-title":"Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: a systemic review","volume":"176","author":"Wentz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation between femoral neck shaft angle and surgical management in trainees with femoral neck stress fractures","author":"Chalupa","year":"2016","journal-title":"US Army Med Dep J"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.06.002","article-title":"Lower extremity stress fractures in the military","volume":"33","author":"Jacobs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04839-9","article-title":"Relationship of footwear comfort, selected size, and lower leg overuse injuries among infantry soldiers","volume":"22","author":"Nesterovica","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.04.016","article-title":"Risk factors for clinical stress fractures in male military recruits: a prospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026060918305015300_usag264-B24","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D","author":"Ross","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/milmed\/usag264\/68494927\/usag264.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/milmed\/usag264\/68494927\/usag264.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:30:57Z","timestamp":1781044257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/milmed\/usag264\/8704492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usag264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"article-number":"usag264"}}