{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:48:46Z","timestamp":1782154126906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Military medicine has been organized for 2 decades around the time interval between injury and definitive surgical care. The Golden Hour mandate in Afghanistan, paired with Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines and damage-control resuscitation, produced some of the lowest battlefield mortality rates in the history of armed conflict. More recent conflicts complicate this framework. In northwest Syria, deliberate attacks on hospitals reduced outpatient and trauma care for weeks following each strike, with population-level reductions in service use rather than individual mortality the dominant signal. In Ukraine, drone-contested evacuation, degraded hospital function, and disrupted medical logistics have failed concurrently under large-scale combat operations, in a pattern that the Golden Hour model was not designed to address.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This Commentary argues that across these 3 mature conflict settings, the dominant clinical risk has broadened from individual-casualty survival to compound treatment-system degradation. The argument describes one axis of change rather than a universal trajectory: the French experience in the Sahel illustrates that prolonged casualty care can become the dominant problem even without deliberate hospital targeting or system collapse, and other conflicts including Sudan and the occupied Palestinian territory require their own analyses. What is consistent across the contemporary record, however, is that hospital protection, logistics resilience, and continuity of evacuation now sit at the center of military-medical capability rather than at its margin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Three doctrinal implications follow. First, hospital protection and facility dispersal should be incorporated into clinical-readiness curricula. They produce measurable effects on patient outcomes and warrant treatment as clinical capabilities rather than as adjacent engineering problems. Second, prolonged field care must shift from contingency planning to baseline operational capability, as the Sahel, Syrian, and Ukrainian experiences converge on this point, even though their underlying mechanisms differ. Third, medical logistics deserves the same operational rigor as direct patient care, including blood distribution, cold-chain continuity, warehouse dispersion, and cyber resilience of supply-management systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Preliminary signals from the ongoing 2026 U.S.\u2013Israeli\u2013Iranian conflict, including verified attacks on health care, regional supply-chain disruption, and a cyber-mediated interruption affecting medical-device manufacturing, are broadly concordant with this trajectory. They are presented as hypothesis-generating only, not as evidence of a validated new doctrinal phase. The main limitations are selective conceptual synthesis and the asymmetry between mature peer-reviewed evidence and ongoing-event reporting. The conclusion is operationally direct: military medicine is no longer adequately described by transport time alone. Trauma-care survivability under threat is now the central problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:28:44Z","timestamp":1781004524000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Golden Hour to Hospital Survivability: Treatment-System Degradation as the New Center of Gravity in Modern Military Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4655-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan Costin","family":"Tudose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department 1, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 050474 Bucharest,","place":["Romania"]},{"name":"Research Department, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency Hospital , RO-010825 Bucharest,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugurel Constantin","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department 1, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 050474 Bucharest,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062214011294800_usag282-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.3104","article-title":"The effect of a Golden Hour Policy on the morbidity and mortality of combat casualties","volume":"151","author":"Kotwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2026062214011294800_usag282-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S431","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182755dcc","article-title":"Death on the 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