{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:34:54Z","timestamp":1786628094772,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","funder":[{"name":"The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["HU00012120098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU00012120098"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007188","name":"the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The shifting geopolitical landscape introduces a credible risk of sustained, high-casualty large-scale Combat Operations (LSCO) with peer adversaries. Managing combat casualties over extended durations at scale presents a fundamentally different challenge than the episodic surge demands of past disasters or recent military contingencies. This commentary examines Section 712 of the Fiscal Year 2026 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which authorizes the Military-Civilian Medical Surge Program (MCMSP). The program enables the Department of War (DoW) to fulfill its Title 10 responsibilities by shifting the nation\u2019s framework from a reactive surge planning model to deliberate military-civilian system resilience and interoperability. While the U.S. possesses world-class trauma capabilities, the civilian health sector, where the vast majority of definitive wartime care will occur, is not structured to absorb a sustained influx of high-acuity, low-margin patients under continuous load. In a prolonged conflict, capacity constraints shift from clinical expertise to operational coordination. Treating the wartime medical surge as a \u201cgoverned network,\u201d the MCMSP provides a mechanism to address systemic vulnerabilities across four strategic domains: medical supply chain vulnerabilities, workforce mobilization friction (e.g., licensing and cross-credentialing), data interoperability limitations for real-time capacity tracking, and the financial strains placed on participating civilian hospitals facing shifts in payer mix and lost elective revenue. Implementing the MCMSP through regional integration nodes, national workforce sharing frameworks, aligned financial incentives, and shared data environments creates a hardened wartime capability. Executed in coordination with existing Title 42 public health emergency frameworks, the program transforms the military-civilian health interface to ensure the nation can project and sustain power without degrading domestic or military health system performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:41:12Z","timestamp":1784979672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Surge to Sustainment: Rethinking Civilian Care for Wartime Casualties"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Defense Health Cooperation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0549-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, US Army Brooke Army Medical Center , San Antonio, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2586-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Smith, Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Defense Health Cooperation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemia","family":"Anderson III","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Defense Health Cooperation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Rainwater-Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Defense Health Cooperation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081308465970100_usag373-B1","author":"U.S. Department of War","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026081308465970100_usag373-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2023.0051","article-title":"Validation of opportunities to strengthen the national disaster medical system: the military-civilian NDMS interoperability study quantitative step","volume":"21","author":"Kirsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Secur"},{"key":"2026081308465970100_usag373-B3","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026081308465970100_usag373-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003703","article-title":"The national disaster medical system and military combat readiness: a scoping 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