{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:57:05Z","timestamp":1790791025092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","funder":[{"name":"Electromedical Products International, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant public health concern. Individuals with persistent symptoms following mTBI can experience long-term disability. Non-pharmacological interventions such as cranial electrical stimulation (CES) are needed to address chronic symptoms. The purpose of this study is to explore the perspectives of both patients and clinicians on the use of CES for managing persistent mTBI symptoms, evaluate participants\u2019 perceptions and usage patterns, identify indications driving use, and assess self-efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A qualitative, convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed within an inpatient rehabilitation program in a Veterans Affairs (VA) polytrauma rehabilitation center. Interviews were conducted with 81 patients with mTBI post-discharge, and surveys were collected from 23 clinicians. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive phenomenology, guided by the Diffusion of Innovation Model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three major themes emerged: (1) Preparation and Comprehension, (2) Perceived Value and Effectiveness, and (3) Tailored Utilization. Patients used CES to manage anxiety, depression, pain, headache, and sleep disturbances, reporting broad symptom improvements. Seventy-one percent of participants continued device usage post-discharge. Similarly, clinicians prescribed CES for insomnia, anxiety, and headache and non-headache pain. Both groups reported a desire for advanced device use training\/education to optimize treatment outcomes for complex symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CES should be considered for nonpharmacologic intervention for managing chronic mTBI symptoms. Enhanced patient education and comprehensive clinician training could improve its effectiveness and adoption. Further research and structured guidance are necessary to maximize the benefits of CES in mTBI care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:15:20Z","timestamp":1789672520000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patient and Provider Perspective of Cranioelectrical Stimulation for the Management of Persistent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms in Veterans and Service Members"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M","family":"Skop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, James A. Haley Veterans\u2019 Hospital , Tampa, FL 33612,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, School of Physical Therapy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33612,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, James A Haley Veterans\u2019 Hospital , Tampa, FL 33612,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Tampa VA Research and Education Foundation , FL 33617,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampa VA Research and Education Foundation , FL 33617,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Kretzmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, James A. Haley Veterans\u2019 Hospital , Tampa, FL 33612,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teamworks Innovations , Durham, NC 27701,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana Del","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampa VA Research and Education Foundation , FL 33617,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Marszalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO 64110,","place":["United 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