{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:58:31Z","timestamp":1790686711584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Military medical officers (MMOs) must function as both commissioned officers and clinicians, often leading enlisted-heavy teams in austere and high-stress operational environments. At the Uniformed Services University (USU), this dual identity is intentionally cultivated through the Military Unique Curriculum (MUC), a 4-year longitudinal program that integrates non-commissioned officers (NCOs) as Tactical Instructors. Although enlisted\u2013officer relationships are central to military operations, little is known about how sustained NCO mentorship influences medical students\u2019 professional development across undergraduate medical education.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a phenomenological qualitative study to explore military medical students\u2019 perceptions of NCO influence throughout the MUC. Eleven active-duty medical students from multiple uniformed services participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively using constant comparison to identify themes. Reflexive practices and multiple coders were used to enhance trustworthiness. Data saturation was achieved.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Three themes emerged. First, students described NCO mentorship as central to leadership identity formation, citing role modeling, psychological safety, and real-time feedback that supported confident decision-making under stress. Second, participants attributed substantial gains in technical and operational readiness\u2014particularly in Tactical Combat Casualty Care and austere medicine\u2014to NCO instruction grounded in lived operational experience and deliberate practice. Third, students emphasized NCO influence on military cultural assimilation and team dynamics, noting improved understanding of enlisted roles, trust across ranks, and effective officer\u2013enlisted collaboration. Across themes, NCO mentorship was perceived as sustained developmental guidance rather than episodic skills instruction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Military medical students perceive NCO Tactical Instructors as essential to their development as future MMOs. Longitudinal NCO mentorship supports leadership identity formation, operational competence, and integration into military culture, positioning enlisted mentorship as a readiness function rather than an additive curricular feature. Adapting NCO-enabled mentorship models, particularly for commissioning pathways with limited enlisted exposure, may enhance early-career performance, team effectiveness, and operational readiness across the Military Health System.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usag445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:51:25Z","timestamp":1789127485000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of NCO-Led Education and Training on the Development of Future Military Medical Officers"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Shumaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University , 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarryd","family":"Kase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Medical Battalion, 4th Marine Logistics Group , San Diego, CA 92131,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2628-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University , 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laferrel","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University , 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092908283014900_usag445-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3667","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad094","article-title":"The 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