{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:20:11Z","timestamp":1792131611456,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5-6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB4080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB4080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1517897192000},"page":"85-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Yesterday and Today: The Impact of Research Conducted at Camp Detrick on Botulinum Toxin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Frank J","family":"Lebeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Collaboration Center, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), Fort Detrick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Toxicology Division, Neuroscience Branch, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood Area, MD 21010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zygmunt F","family":"Dembek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 3154 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C1","author":"USAMRMC","year":"2008"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.1946.11458032","article-title":"Official report on biological warfare","volume":"2","author":"Merck","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bull Atom Sci"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C3","author":"Cochrane","year":"1947"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C4","first-page":"710","volume-title":"The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863\u20131963","author":"Cochrane","year":"1978"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C5","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Textbook of Military Medicine, Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare","author":"Franz","year":"1997"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C6","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare","author":"Smart","year":"1997"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.170.3.183","article-title":"An assessment of health status among medical research volunteers who served in the Project Whitecoat program at Fort Detrick, Maryland","volume":"170","author":"Pittman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C8","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Textbook of Military Medicine, Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare","author":"Dembek","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C9","author":"Okutani"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C10","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense, Second Edition","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/03071843309419408","article-title":"Bacterial Warfare","volume":"78","author":"Fox","year":"1933","journal-title":"R United Services Inst"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C12","first-page":"498","volume-title":"The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field","author":"Brophy","year":"1959"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/01402398808437344","article-title":"America\u2019s biological warfare program in the Second World War","volume":"11","author":"Bernsteins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Strategic Stud"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jphp.3200064","article-title":"Vaccine innovation: lessons from World War II","volume":"27","author":"Hoyt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C15","first-page":"376","volume-title":"The Fourth Horseman","author":"Koenig","year":"2006"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C16","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Death from the Skies. A Study of Gas and Microbial Warfare","author":"Liepmann","year":"1937"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02684529208432176","article-title":"Wickham Steed and German biological warfare research","volume":"7","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intell Natl Security"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/08850600590911990","article-title":"The ALSOS Mission, 1943\u20131945: a secret US scientific intelligence unit","volume":"18","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Intell Counter Intell"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4324\/NOE0415932141","volume-title":"Factories of Death, Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932\u20131945, and the American Cover-Up","author":"Harris","year":"2002"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3378.763","article-title":"The most poisonous poison","volume":"130","author":"Lamanna","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy","author":"Erbguth","year":"2013","edition":"2nd Edition"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C22","first-page":"76"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C23","author":"DTIC"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1504\/TBJ.2013.055664","article-title":"Historical aspects of botulinum toxin used clinically: part I: Is that the right serotype?","volume":"2","author":"Pickett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Botulinum J"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(09)05503-9","article-title":"Biology and genomic analysis of Clostridium botulinum","volume":"55","author":"Peck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Microb Physiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9454-6_4","volume-title":"Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin","author":"Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C27","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxins","author":"Gu","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-008-9151-2","article-title":"Subunit stoichiometry of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex determined using denaturing capillary electrophoresis","volume":"27","author":"Lietzow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Protein J"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010038","article-title":"Historical perspectives and guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin subtype nomenclature","volume":"9","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C30","first-page":"7","article-title":"Bacterial warfare, a critical analysis of the available agents, their possible military applications, and the means for protection against them","volume":"56","author":"Rosebury","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43048-7","article-title":"The purification of toxin from Clostridium botulinum type A","volume":"164","author":"Abrams","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1770428","article-title":"A versatile square wave nerve stimulator","volume":"17","author":"Guyton","year":"1946","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01212a513","article-title":"The molecular size and shape of botulinus toxin","volume":"68","author":"Kegeles","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.52.1.1-13.1946","article-title":"Botulinum toxin (type A); including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure","volume":"52","author":"Lamanna","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1126\/science.103.2681.613","article-title":"The purification and crystallization of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin","volume":"103","author":"Lamanna","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41191-4","article-title":"Molecular weight and homogeneity of crystalline botulinus A toxin","volume":"165","author":"Putnam","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.55.4.309","article-title":"Studies on botulinum toxoids, types A and B. III. Immunization of man","volume":"55","author":"Reames","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35027-5","article-title":"The elemental and amino acid composition of crystalline Clostridium botulinum type A toxin","volume":"169","author":"Buehler","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1947.02300280072004","article-title":"Physiology of botulinus toxin","volume":"57","author":"Guyton","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.55.2.183","article-title":"Detoxification of crystalline botulinum type A toxin","volume":"55","author":"Hottle","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.55.3.255","article-title":"A. Studies on botulinum toxoid, types A and B. II. Methods for determining antigenicity in animals","volume":"55","author":"Hottle","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.54.5.575-584.1947","article-title":"The isolation of type B botulinum toxin","volume":"54","author":"Lamanna","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.55.3.245","article-title":"Studies on botulinum toxoid, types A and B. I. Production of alum precipitated toxoids","volume":"55","author":"Nigg","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.53.2.213-230.1947","article-title":"Practical media and control measures for producing highly toxic cultures of Clostridium botulinum, type A","volume":"53","author":"Lewis","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.59.3.231","article-title":"The antigen-antibody reaction with type A botulinal toxin","volume":"59","author":"Lamanna","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51036-X","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of crystalline Clostridium botulinum type A toxin","volume":"176","author":"Putnam","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C47","first-page":"342","article-title":"Factors affecting the botulinal hemagglutination reaction, and the relationship between hemagglutinating activity and toxicity of toxin preparations","volume":"54","author":"Lowenthal","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(51)90158-0","article-title":"The behavior of the botulinus toxins in the ultracentrifuge","volume":"31","author":"Wagman","year":"1951","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-84-20570","article-title":"Botulinum toxin and the motor end plate","volume":"84","author":"Stover","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(53)80014-7","article-title":"Botulinum type A toxin: properties of a toxic dissociation product","volume":"45","author":"Wagman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(54)90013-2","article-title":"Isolation and sedimentation study of low molecular weight forms of type A botulinus toxin","volume":"50","author":"Wagman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-89-21780","article-title":"Effects of salts and colloids on potency of botulinum toxin","volume":"89","author":"Boor","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C53","first-page":"21","article-title":"Body weight as a factor in the response of mice to botulinal toxins","volume":"62","author":"Lamanna","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.51.3.398-399.1946","article-title":"An observation of apparent substitution of pantothenate by thiamine and choline","volume":"51","author":"Lamanna","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C55","first-page":"571","article-title":"The amino acid composition of crystalline botulinus (type A) toxin","volume":"51","author":"Buehler","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C56","first-page":"571","article-title":"Nutritional studies with Clostridium botulinum, toxin types A and B","volume":"51","author":"Roessler","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(08)60005-4","article-title":"The interactions of proteins and synthetic detergents","volume":"4","author":"Putnam","year":"1948","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C58","first-page":"1001","volume-title":"Basic Bacteriology: Its Biological and Chemical Background","author":"Lamanna","year":"1965","edition":"3rd Edition"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C59","first-page":"1264","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology","author":"Hall","year":"2016","edition":"13th Edition"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C60","author":"Wikipedia","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1009","DOI":"10.1152\/classicessays.00007.2004","article-title":"The pioneering use of systems analysis to study cardiac output regulation","volume":"287","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C62","author":"Neet","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.2.1.3-45.1938","article-title":"Recent chemical investigations of bacterial toxins","volume":"2","author":"Eaton","year":"1938","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C64","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin","author":"Foster","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/43.2.152","article-title":"Studies on botulinus toxin 3","volume":"43","author":"Snipe","year":"1928","journal-title":"Acid precipitation of botulinus toxin. J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9542-4_58","volume-title":"Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins","author":"Middlebrook","year":"1993"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1924.02660070011006","article-title":"Further studies on the action of botulinus toxin","volume":"83","author":"Edmunds","year":"1924","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.38.4.327","article-title":"Botulism. Studies on the manner in which the toxin of Clostridium botulinum acts upon the body II. The effect upon the voluntary nervous system","volume":"38","author":"Dickson","year":"1923","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1936.117.3.393","article-title":"The site of action of botulinus toxin","volume":"117","author":"Bishop","year":"1936","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e318158c5fd","article-title":"Botulism: cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities","volume":"1","author":"Dembek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C71","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Advances in Military Medicine","author":"Dochez","year":"1948"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12190","article-title":"Influence of water activity on thermal resistance of microorganisms in low moisture foods: a review","volume":"15","author":"Syamaladevi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Rev Food Sci Food Safety"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03038-09","article-title":"Regulation of neurotoxin production and sporulation by a putative agrBD signaling system in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum","volume":"76","author":"Cooksley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.005","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum in the post-genomic era","volume":"28","author":"Peck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.10.010","article-title":"Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum group I and group II","volume":"166","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C76","first-page":"1","article-title":"New elements to consider when modelling the hazards associated with botulinum neurotoxin in food","author":"Ihekwaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv084","article-title":"The pattern of growth observed for Clostridium botulinum type A1 strain ATCC 19397 is influenced by nutritional status and quorum sensing: a modelling perspective","volume":"73","author":"Ihekwaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90061-4","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum toxins","volume":"19","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020919","article-title":"Growing up in the golden age of protein chemistry","volume":"2","author":"Putnam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15461.x","article-title":"The complete amino acid sequence of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin, deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis of the encoding gene","volume":"189","author":"Thompson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C81","first-page":"643","volume-title":"The Textbook of Military Medicine, Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare","author":"Middlebrook","year":"1997"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-69-16710","article-title":"Hemagglutination by botulinal toxin","volume":"69","author":"Lamanna","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.1.2.205-206.1970","article-title":"Molecular weight of type A botulinum toxin","volume":"1","author":"Knox","year":"1970","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214270","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin is shielded by NTNHA in an interlocked complex","volume":"335","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/2338","article-title":"Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity","volume":"5","author":"Lacy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.12.039","article-title":"The structure of the neurotoxin-associated protein HA33\/A from Clostridium botulinum suggests a reoccurring \u03b2-trefoil fold in the progenitor toxin complex","volume":"346","author":"Arndt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C87","first-page":"xxiii","volume-title":"Therapy with botulinum toxin","author":"Schantz","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3633.719","article-title":"Atrophy of skeletal muscle in chick embryos treated with botulinum toxin","volume":"145","author":"Drachman","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1504\/TBJ.2013.055664","article-title":"Historical aspects of botulinum toxin used clinically: Part I: Is that the right serotype?","volume":"2","author":"Pickett","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Botulinum J"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C90","first-page":"924","article-title":"Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"1973","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60343","article-title":"Botulinum toxin","volume":"55","author":"Nigam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.059","article-title":"Botulism and vaccines for its prevention","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.3.156","article-title":"Deterrence of biological and chemical warfare: a review of policy options","volume":"162","author":"Lebeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C95","author":"FDA Science & Research","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051926","article-title":"Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism","volume":"354","author":"Arnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.337","article-title":"Experience with the use of an investigational F (ab\u2032) 2 heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Hibbs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20304","article-title":"US Army botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) medical therapeutics research program: past accomplishments and future directions","volume":"70","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C99","author":"Bavari","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C100","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense","author":"Lebeda","year":"2011","edition":"2nd Edition"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004364","article-title":"The action of botulinum toxin on the neuromuscular junction","volume":"109","author":"Burgen","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35863-0","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteins","volume":"267","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100109-104131","article-title":"Membrane fusion: five lipids, four SNAREs, three chaperones, two nucleotides, and a Rab, all dancing in a ring on yeast vacuoles","volume":"26","author":"Wickner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0728-2","article-title":"From poison to remedy: the chequered history of botulinum toxin","volume":"115","author":"Erbguth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1380-7","article-title":"The blockade of the neurotransmitter release apparatus by botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"71","author":"Pantano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9454-6_3","volume-title":"Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin","author":"Popoff","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.103.2680.575","article-title":"The impact of the war on medicine","volume":"103","author":"Richards","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C108","first-page":"734","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus","volume":"79","author":"Scott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmo Soc"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C109","author":"Allergan","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034702","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in clinical practice","volume":"75","author":"Jankovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C111","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Dystonia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment","author":"Lebeda","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.134","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of botulinum neurotoxin therapy","volume":"10","author":"Lebeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.86","article-title":"Clinical guidelines: no more mistaken identities for botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"12","author":"Albanese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.505","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/159726","article-title":"Kinetic and reaction pathway analysis in the application of botulinum toxin a for wound healing","volume":"2012","author":"Lebeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000289","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a case report with 14 month follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Baria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C117","author":"Clendenin","year":"1968"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C118","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Cutting Edge: A History of Fort Detrick, Maryland","author":"Covert","year":"1997","edition":"3rd Edition"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1997.0032","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: the story of its development for the treatment of human disease","volume":"40","author":"Schantz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.74.4.533-538.1957","article-title":"Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. III.: preparation, purification, and detoxification of type E toxin","volume":"74","author":"Gordon","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.75.3.360-365.1958","article-title":"Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. IV.: production and purification of type C toxin for conversion to toxoid","volume":"75","author":"Cardella","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.79.3.372-378.1960","article-title":"Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. VI.: purification and detoxification of type D toxin and the immunological response to toxoid","volume":"79","author":"Cardella","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"67","author":"Rossetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08638.x","article-title":"Targeted delivery into motor nerve terminals of inhibitors for SNARE cleaving proteases via liposomes coupled to an atoxic botulinum neurotoxin","volume":"279","author":"Edupuganti","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2050978","article-title":"The zinc-dependent protease activity of the botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Lebeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2019041709125993500_usx047C126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01393","article-title":"Newly designed quinolinol inhibitors mitigate the effects of botulinum neurotoxin A in enzymatic, cell-based and ex vivo assays","volume":"60","author":"Bremer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/183\/5-6\/85\/28480705\/usx047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T21:36:26Z","timestamp":1693517786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/183\/5-6\/85\/4840535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usx047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]}}}