{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:21:10Z","timestamp":1783592470163,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (USAMRMC) Military Operational Medicine Research Program","award":["W81XWH-14-1-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-1-0028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hearing damage induced by blast exposure is a common injury in military personnel involved in most operation activities. Personal hearing protection devices such as earplugs come as a standard issue for Service members; however, it is not clear how to accurately evaluate the protection mechanisms of different hearing protection devices for blast overpressures (BOP). This paper reports a recent study on characterization of earplugs\u2019 protective function to BOP using human cadaver ears and 3D finite element (FE) model of the human ear. The cadaver ear mounted with pressure sensors near the eardrum (P1) and inside the middle ear (P2) and with an earplug inserted was exposed to BOP in the blast test chamber. P1, P2, and BOP at the ear canal entrance (P0) were simultaneously recorded. The measured P0 waveform was then applied at the ear canal entrance in the FE model and the P1 and P2 pressures were derived from the model. Both experiments and FE modeling resulted in the P1 reduction which represents the effective protection function of the earplug. Different earplugs showed variations in pressure waveforms transmitted to the eardrum, which determine the protection level of earplugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T16:01:10Z","timestamp":1553270470000},"page":"251-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characterization of Protection Mechanisms to Blast Overpressure for Personal Hearing Protection Devices \u2013 Biomechanical Measurement and Computational Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Rong Z","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kegan","family":"Leckness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao D","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"78","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.165067","article-title":"Measurement of impulse peak insertion loss from two acoustic test fixtures and four hearing protector conditions with an acoustic shock tube","volume":"17","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1257869","article-title":"Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss","volume":"56","author":"Fackler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Audiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx149","article-title":"Biomechanical measurement and modeling of human eardrum injury in relation to blast wave direction","volume":"183","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mil Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1870-0","article-title":"Dynamic properties of human tympanic membrane after exposure to blast waves","volume":"45","author":"Engles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40870-015-0041-3","article-title":"Mechanical properties of a human eardrum at high strain rates after exposure to blast waves","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dyn Behav Mater"},{"key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical damage of tympanic membrane in relation to impulse pressure waveform - a study in chinchillas","volume":"340","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C7","author":"Leckness","year":"2018"},{"issue":"Supp 1","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx226","article-title":"Computational modeling of blast wave transmission through human ear","volume":"183","author":"Leckness","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3129129","article-title":"Finite element modeling of sound transmission with perforations of tympanic membrane","volume":"126","author":"Gan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4890645","article-title":"A finite element model to predict the sound attenuation of earplugs in an acoustical test fixture","volume":"136","author":"Viallet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4864484","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element modeling of the human external ear: Simulation study of the bone conduction occlusion effect","volume":"135","author":"Brummund","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2019122604580143600_usy299C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.10.007","article-title":"Investigation of the variability in earplugs sound attenuation measurements using a finte element method","volume":"89","author":"Viallet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Acoust"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/184\/Supplement_1\/251\/31616597\/usy299.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/184\/Supplement_1\/251\/31616597\/usy299.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T09:59:33Z","timestamp":1577354373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/184\/Supplement_1\/251\/5418722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usy299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}}}