{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:27:05Z","timestamp":1787009225091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9-10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and low back pain (LBP) are common reasons for increased disability in the Veteran communities. Medical discharge from the military represents a considerable financial cost to society. Little is currently known about the impact of LBP and PTSD as longitudinal risk factors for medical discharge from Active Duty military service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of US Army Active Duty Soldiers from 2002 to 2012 was performed to determine the risk for medical discharge. Four levels of exposure for were identified as independent variables: no chronic LBP or PTSD, chronic LBP only, PTSD only, and co-morbid PTSD present with chronic LBP. Statistical analysis utilized modified Poisson regression controlling for sex, age, rank, time in service, deployment, mental health, sleep disorders, alcohol use, tobacco use, obesity, and military occupation. This study was approved by a Department of Defense Institutional Review Board.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After controlling for potential confounding variables, the RR for chronic LBP and PTSD independently was 3.65 (95% CI: 3.59\u20133.72) and 3.64 (95% CI: 3.53\u20133.75), respectively, and 5.17 (95% CI: 5.01\u20135.33) when both were present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to identify a history of both chronic LBP and PTSD as substantial risk factors for medical discharge from the US Army. PTSD and chronic LBP may mutually reinforce one another and deplete active coping strategies, making Soldiers less likely to be able to continue military service. Future research should target therapies for co-morbid PTSD and chronic LBP as these conditions contribute a substantial increase in risk of medical discharge from the US Army.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T13:48:17Z","timestamp":1550843297000},"page":"431-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of Chronic Low Back Pain and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on the Risk for Separation from the US Army"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9946-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M","family":"Benedict","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Ave Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Ave, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur J","family":"Nitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Ave Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracie L","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kansas St, Natick, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R","family":"Kardouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kansas St, Natick, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020011208562089400_usz020C1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Absolute and relative morbidity burdens attributable to various illnesses and injuries, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014","volume":"22","author":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance 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