{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:08:59Z","timestamp":1787933339142,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rabies remains a global threat, with annually over 59,000 deaths. Intradermal (ID) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is very efficient and reduces the need for rabies immunoglobulins. Not much is known about factors that influence the immune response to ID administered rabies vaccine. The aim of this study is to determine if variations in timing of vaccine administration and serology determination, age and gender have an influence on the levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) after ID rabies vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a retrospective study based on electronic health record vaccination data of Belgian military personnel who received ID rabies PrEP with a three injections regimen during the period 2014\u20132017. Serology was determined by using the RFFIT method. Fischer\u2019s exacts tests were used to evaluate the effect of each independent variable on RVNA levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, 2,112 subjects were included. All but one seroconverted with a RVNA level \u22650.5 IU\/mL. About 48% of subjects developed an antibody titer of &amp;gt;10 IU\/mL, 36% had antibody levels 3\u201310 IU\/mL and 16% had an antibody level 0.5\u20132.99 IU\/mL. Statistically significant (p = 0.0018) higher RVNA levels are observed in the groups that received vaccination doses later as planned. Timing of serology determination also influenced RVNA levels significantly (p = 0.000). Antibody levels were significantly higher in females than in males (p = 0.000). Age did influence RVNA levels significantly (p = 0.022).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Timing of vaccine dose administration, timing of serology testing, sex and age do significantly influence the humoral B-cell response to ID administered rabies vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T02:43:00Z","timestamp":1555728180000},"page":"e515-e521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Timing of Intradermal Rabies Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Injections: Immunological Effect on Vaccination Response"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Mathias D M","family":"Van Nieuwenhove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgian Military Medical Service, Royal Military Academy, Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Damanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Travel Clinic, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Rue Bruyn 1, 1120 Neder-Over-Heembeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Soentjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Travel Clinic, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Rue Bruyn 1, 1120 Neder-Over-Heembeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Policlinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9413","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15792-9","article-title":"Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases","volume":"363","author":"Warrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70038-3","article-title":"Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"12","author":"Hemachudha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C3","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002209","article-title":"Imported human rabies cases worldwide, 1990\u20132012","volume":"7","author":"Carrara","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.12.034","article-title":"Animal-associated injuries and related diseases among returned travellers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network","volume":"25","author":"Gautret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001852","article-title":"Risk of potentially rabid animal exposure among foreign travelers in Southeast Asia","volume":"6","author":"Piyaphanee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12171","article-title":"Vaccine-preventable travel health risks: what is the evidence \u2013 what are the gaps?","volume":"22","author":"Steffen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011209063327900_usz048C9","first-page":"12","article-title":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. 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