{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T09:30:21Z","timestamp":1758274221680,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Victims of severe hypothermia require external rewarming, as self-rewarming through shivering heat production is either minimal or absent. The US Military commonly uses forced-air warming in field hospitals, but these systems require significant power (600\u2013800 W) and are not portable. This study compared the rewarming effectiveness of an electric resistive heating pad system (requiring 80 W) to forced-air rewarming on cold subjects in whom shivering was pharmacologically inhibited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shivering was inhibited by intravenous meperidine (1.5 mg\/kg), administered during the last 10 min of cold-water immersion. Subjects then exited from the cold water, were dried and lay on a rescue bag for 120 min in one of the following conditions: spontaneous rewarming only (rescue bag closed); electric resistive heating pads (EHP) wrapped from the anterior to posterior torso (rescue bag closed); or, forced-air warming (FAW) over the anterior surface of the body (rescue bag left open and cotton blanket draped over warming blanket). Supplemental meperidine (to a maximum cumulative dose of 3.3 mg\/kg) was administered as required during rewarming to suppress shivering.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six healthy subjects (3 m, 3 f) were cooled on three different occasions, each in 8\u00b0C water to an average nadir core temperature of 34.4 \u00b1 0.6\u00b0C (including afterdrop). There were no significant differences between core rewarming rates (spontaneous; 0.6 \u00b1 0.3, FAW; 0.7 \u00b1 0.2, RHP; 0.6 \u00b1 0.2\u00b0C\/h) or post-cooling afterdrop (spontaneous; 1.9 \u00b1 0.4, FAW; 1.9 \u00b1 0.3, RHP; 1.6 \u00b1 0.2\u00b0C) in any of the 3 conditions. There were also no significant differences between metabolic heat production (S; 74 \u00b1 20, FAW; 66 \u00b1 12, RHP; 63 \u00b1 9 W). Total heat gain was greater with FAW (36 W gain) than EHP (13 W gain) and spontaneous (13 W loss) warming (p &lt; 0.005).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Total heat gain was greater in FAW than both EHP, and spontaneous rewarming conditions, however, there were no observed differences found in rewarming rates, post-cooling afterdrop or metabolic heat production. The electric heat pad system provided similar rewarming performance to a forced-air warming system commonly used in US military field hospitals for hypothermic patients. A battery-powered version of this system would not only relieve pressure on the field hospital power supply but could also potentially allow extending use to locations closer to the field of operations and during transport. Such a system could be studied in larger groups in prospective trials on colder patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T16:05:50Z","timestamp":1562861150000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Electric Resistive Heating Pads and Forced-Air Warming for Pre-hospital Warming of Non-shivering Hypothermic Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Daryl M G","family":"Hurrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, 102 Frank Kennedy Bldg, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott M","family":"Arnould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Plett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Buchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1477-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon G","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, 102 Frank Kennedy Bldg, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2019071112054639700_usz164C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.02.010","article-title":"The impact of hypothermia on trauma care at the 31st combat support hospital","volume":"191","author":"Arthurs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J 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