{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:35:43Z","timestamp":1790325343976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) as a method of cognitive enhancement in both diseased and healthy individuals has gained popularity. Its potential for enhancing cognition in healthy individuals has gained the interest of the military. However, before it being implemented into military training or operational settings, further work is needed to determine its efficacy and safety. Although a considerable amount of literature exists, few studies have specifically evaluated its use in enhancing cognition relative to operational, military tasks. Therefore, in a first step to evaluate its efficacy, we completed a systematic literature review of studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a type of tES, to enhance cognitive processes in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted to identify literature published between 2008 and 2018 that used a method of tES for cognitive enhancement. As part of a larger literature review effort, 282 articles were initially retrieved. These were then screened to identify articles meeting predetermined criteria, to include those using various methods of tES, resulting in 44 articles. Next, the articles were screened for those using tDCS or high-definition tDCS, resulting in 34 articles for review and information extraction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 34 articles reviewed, 28 reported some degree of enhancement (eg, improved accuracy on tasks and reduced reaction times). Areas of cognitive enhancements included executive functioning, creativity\/cognitive flexibility, attention\/perception, decision-making, memory, and working memory. However, the precise outcomes of enhancement varied given the range in tasks that were used to assess the constructs. Additionally, the stimulation parameters in terms of intensity applied, duration of stimulation, and brain region targeted for stimulation varied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The conclusions to be drawn from this systematic literature review include the identification of a brain region for targeting with stimulation to enhance a broad range of cognitive constructs applicable to military tasks, as well as stimulation parameters for duration and intensity. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most frequently targeted in the studies that found enhanced performance across several cognitive constructs. Stimulation intensities of 2 mA and durations of 20\u00a0minutes or longer appeared frequently as well. Although several parameters were identified, further work is required before this type of technology can be recommended for operational use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T00:50:24Z","timestamp":1574038224000},"page":"e53-e60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Viability of tDCS in Military Environments for Performance Enhancement: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Kathryn A","family":"Feltman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle A","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref1","first-page":"398","article-title":"A review of transcranial direct current stimulation for attention modulation in healthy subjects","volume":"5","author":"Arani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020021303331221300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.018","article-title":"Establishing safety limits for transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"120","author":"Bikson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-108","article-title":"Enhancement of object detection with transcranial direct current stimulation is associated with increased attention","volume":"13","author":"Coffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref4","first-page":"e2204","article-title":"Hypomania risk in noninvasive brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000248","article-title":"tES stimulation as a tool to investigate cognitive processes in healthy individuals","volume":"21","author":"Lavidor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020021303331221300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00956","article-title":"Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve healthy working memory?: a meta-analytic review","volume":"28","author":"Mancuso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref7","author":"Freedberg","year":"2018,  22"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325816685467","article-title":"Mechanisms and effects of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA553803","volume-title":"Think Before you Shoot: The Relationship Between Cognition and Marksmanship","author":"Kelley","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2008.12.007","article-title":"Aggressive shooting behavior: how working memory and threat influence shoot decisions","volume":"43","author":"Kleider","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813496269","article-title":"Team performance in networked supervisory control of unmanned air vehicles: effects of automation, working memory, and communication content","volume":"56","author":"McKendrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020021303331221300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273137","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of noradrenergic enhancement on transcranial direct current stimulation-induced neuroplasty in humans","volume":"595","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020021303331221300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814538815","article-title":"Using noninvasive brain stimulation to accelerate learning and enhance human performance","volume":"56","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020021303331221300_ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: a review","volume":"3","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","article-title":"Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"97","author":"Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.04.008","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and caffeine on vigilance and cognitive performance during extended wakefulness","volume":"7","author":"McIntire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.006","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy and neuropsychiatric samples: influence of stimulation parameters","volume":"9","author":"Dedoncker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020021303331221300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4022-x","article-title":"Use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance cognitive training: effect of timing of stimulation","volume":"232","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834298b3","article-title":"Enhancement of precise hand movement by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Matsuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.083","article-title":"Battery powered thought: enhancement of attention, learning, and memory in healthy adults using transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"85","author":"Coffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195326543.001.0001","volume-title":"Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis","author":"Littell","year":"2008"},{"issue":"50","key":"2020021303331221300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12530","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2450-16.2016","article-title":"Stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances adaptive cognitive control: a high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"36","author":"Gbadeyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.031","article-title":"Prefrontal control during a semantic decision task that involves idiom comprehension: a transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"50","author":"Sela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020021303331221300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21385","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of Brocas area enhances implicit learning of an artificial grammar","volume":"22","author":"Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00333","article-title":"Task-specific effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning","volume":"7","author":"Saucedo Marquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020021303331221300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0436-9","article-title":"Modulating human procedural learning by cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020021303331221300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4927-12.2013","article-title":"The mental cost of cognitive enhancement","volume":"33","author":"Luculano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.013","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over multiple days improves learning and maintenance of a novel vocabulary","volume":"50","author":"Meinzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.019","article-title":"Focalised stimulation using high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to investigate declarative verbal learning and memory functioning","volume":"117","author":"Nikolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00403","article-title":"The combined effects of neurostimulation and priming on creative thinking. A preliminary tDCS study on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"9","author":"Colombo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.10.030","article-title":"Naming facilitation induced by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"208","author":"Fertonani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.030","article-title":"Anodal-tDCS over the human right occipital cortex ehances the perception and memory of both faces and objects","volume":"81","author":"Barbieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation: what we know and do not know about mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fertonani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020021303331221300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1580","article-title":"Shooting behaviour: how working memory and negative emotionality influence police officer shoot decisions","volume":"24","author":"Kleider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref38","first-page":"271","article-title":"Perceptual motor skills for sharp shooter\u2019s performance","volume":"9","author":"Ravi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Res"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref39","first-page":"838","article-title":"Identifying predictors of Army marksmanship: a cognitive, affective, and psychomotor perspective","volume-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","author":"Anglin","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref40","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effects of concentration disruption on simulated basic rifle marksmanship scores among stryker brigade soldiers","volume":"38","author":"Ohlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Instr Psychol"},{"issue":"2S","key":"2020021303331221300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.012","article-title":"Measuring soldier performance during patrol-exertion multitask: preliminary validation of a postconcussive functional return-to-duty metric","volume":"99","author":"Scherer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2017.05.001","article-title":"See no evil: cognitive challenges of security surveillance and monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Res Mem Cogn"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.014","article-title":"Delayed enhancement of multitasking performance: effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on the prefrontal cortex","volume":"69","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh060","article-title":"Neurophysiological factors in human information processing capacity","volume":"127","author":"Ramsey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1835","article-title":"Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control","volume":"288","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.075","article-title":"Modulating the brain at work using noninvasive transcranial stimulation","volume":"59","author":"McKinley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.007","article-title":"Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD","volume":"1071","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.011","article-title":"Combined transcranial direct current stimulation with virtual reality exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility and pilot results","volume":"12","author":"van\u2019t Wout-Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-009-9142-5","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement: methods, ethics, regulatory challenges","volume":"15","author":"Bostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318205d50d","article-title":"Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation","volume":"76","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020021303331221300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034975","article-title":"Acceleration of image analyst training with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"127","author":"McKinley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.061","article-title":"Enhancing vigilance in operators with prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"85","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020021303331221300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0436-9","article-title":"Modulating human procedural learning by cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020021303331221300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034993","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation augments perceptual sensitivity and 24-hour retention in a complex threat detection task","volume":"7","author":"Falcone","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020021303331221300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.12.100","article-title":"Dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation improves performance in a tactile spatial discrimination task","volume":"125","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00173","article-title":"The effect of dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation over the parietal operculum on tactile orientation discrimination","volume":"11","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.06.053","article-title":"Brain polarization of parietal cortex augments training-induced improvement of visual exploratory and attentional skills","volume":"1349","author":"Bolognini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.028","article-title":"Modulation of attention functions by anodal tDCS on right PPC","volume":"74","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020021303331221300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00248","article-title":"When less is more: evidence for a facilitative cathodal tDCS effect in attentional abilities","volume":"24","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086850","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not affect model-based or model-free reinforcement learning in humans","volume":"9","author":"Smittenaar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw189","article-title":"Improvements in attention and decision-making following combined behavioral training and brain stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Filmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.07.036","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on associative memory","volume":"2015","author":"Matzen","year":"1624","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.07.062","article-title":"Visual memory improved by non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"1353","author":"Chi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.06.004","article-title":"Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020021303331221300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.011","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation based metaplasticity protocols in working memory","volume":"8","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref66","first-page":"189","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances memory-guided responses in a visuospatial working memory task","volume":"29","author":"Giglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020021303331221300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.018","article-title":"Testing the limits: investigating the effect of tDCS dose on working memory enhancement in healthy controls","volume":"51","author":"Hoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The effect of \u03b3-tACS on working memory performance in healthy controls","volume":"101","author":"Hoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"09","key":"2020021303331221300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1017\/s1461145713000539","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4391-9","article-title":"\u201cUnfocus\u201d on foc.us: commercial tDCS headset impairs working memory","volume":"234","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00045","article-title":"Investigating the role of current strength in tDCS modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls","volume":"2","author":"Teo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020021303331221300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.011","article-title":"Enhanced working memory performance via transcranial direct current stimulation: the possibility of near and far transfer","volume":"93","author":"Trumbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020021303331221300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1109610","article-title":"Cerebellar tDCS does not affect performance in the N-back task","volume":"38","author":"Wessel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020021303331221300_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12779","article-title":"No effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on short-term memory","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/185\/1-2\/e53\/32446728\/usz189.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/185\/1-2\/e53\/32446728\/usz189.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T03:33:44Z","timestamp":1581564824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/185\/1-2\/e53\/5627752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usz189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]}}}