{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1776755074362,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5-6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women, accounting for more fatalities than colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. Smoking causes about 85% of all lung cancers in the United States and is the single greatest risk factor. In 2013, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) published initial guidelines for low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening (LCS) among patients 55\u201380\u00a0years old, with a 30-pack-year history, who are current smokers or who quit within the previous 15\u00a0years. Smoking prevalence is higher among military personnel compared to the civilian population, demonstrating a need for vigilant screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective review of Naval Medical Center San Diego\u2019s (NMCSD) LCS data was conducted to examine screening numbers, lung cancer rates, and initial analysis of screening results. Patients were referred for screening if they met the USPSTF criteria. Between September 2013 and September 2018, 962 patients underwent LCS. A total of 1758 examinations were performed, including follow-up and annual surveillance examinations. The American College of Radiology\u2019s Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) was used to classify lung nodules\u2019 risk for malignancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On this initial analysis, 42 enrolled patients received the diagnosis of lung cancer detected by screening. The initial calculated lung cancer rate is 4.4% (42\/962) over the 5-year reporting period. The lung cancer rate among those patients with a Lung-RADS score of 3 or 4 was 31% (42\/135). Thirty-seven patients were classified as having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while five were classified as having small cell lung cancer. Of the 37 NSCLC patients, 76% (28\/37) were diagnosed at stage I and II, 11% (4\/37) were diagnosed at stage III, and 13% (5\/37) were diagnosed at stage IV. The total number of years a person smoked was a significant risk factor (P\u00a0=\u00a00.004), but not pack-years a person smoked (P\u00a0=\u00a00.052).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preliminary results demonstrate the success of a Military Treatment Facility (MTF)-based LCS Program in the detection of early stage lung cancer. Earlier stage detection may result in better health outcomes for affected patients. In the population studied, duration of smoking proved to be more significant than pack-years in predicting lung cancer risk. These results validate the newly dedicated resources and continued efforts to strengthen the LCS program at NMCSD and across MTFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T07:40:37Z","timestamp":1578728437000},"page":"e864-e869","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lung Cancer Screening at a Military Treatment Facility: A Retrospective Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Lindsey J","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antarpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raechel T","family":"Lapel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"E Boswell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E","family":"Luceri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Scott","family":"Parrish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Seda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref1","article-title":"Cancer facts & figures 2019","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atlanta: American Cancer Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060910143244100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","article-title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening","volume":"365","author":"Aberle","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref3","volume-title":"NELSON Study Shows CT Screening for Nodule Volume Management Reduces Lung Cancer Mortality by 26 Percent in Men","author":"De Koning","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060910143244100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2771","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer: U.S. preventive services task Force recommendation statement","volume":"160","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060910143244100_ref5","first-page":"412","article-title":"Lung cancer screening, version 3.2018. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in","volume":"16","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060910143244100_ref6","first-page":"272","article-title":"Offering lung cancer screening to high-risk Medicare beneficiaries saves lives and is cost-effective: an actuarial analysis","volume":"7","author":"Pyenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref7","volume-title":"Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations","author":"Wedge","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref8","author":"Jowers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060910143244100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2500","article-title":"Components necessary for high-quality lung cancer screening: American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society policy statement","volume":"147","author":"Mazzone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref10"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref11","author":"Radiology Department"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref12","volume-title":"Lung-RADS Version 1.0 Assessment Categories: PDF L-RVAC","author":"American College of Radiology","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref13","volume-title":"Version 13 [Computer Program]","author":"Stata Statistical Software Release 13","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060910143244100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.1431","article-title":"Effects of implementation of lung cancer screening at one veterans affairs medical Center","volume":"150","author":"Okereke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060910143244100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2017.01.011","article-title":"Early results of lung cancer screening and radiation dose assessment by low-dose CT at a community hospital","volume":"18","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060910143244100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000254","article-title":"Early results from the implementation of a lung cancer screening program","volume":"41","author":"Lanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060910143244100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.9.4387","article-title":"Survival of patients with lung cancer, Yazd, Iran","volume":"13","author":"Zahir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref18","volume-title":"Lung Cancer Screening","author":"Babar","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060910143244100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0041","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the U.S. military population: comparison with rates from the SEER program","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"Supplement 3","key":"2020060910143244100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.010","article-title":"Lifestyle and health-related risk factors and risk of cognitive aging among older veterans","volume":"10","author":"Yaffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2020060910143244100_ref21","first-page":"A5178","article-title":"Lung cancer screening with low dose CT: two year experience at providence veteran affairs medical Center","volume":"195","author":"Jankowich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060910143244100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1490","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest","volume":"132","author":"De Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/185\/5-6\/e864\/33370286\/usz386.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/185\/5-6\/e864\/33370286\/usz386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T20:28:59Z","timestamp":1613939339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/185\/5-6\/e864\/5698570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usz386","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]}}}