{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:02:49Z","timestamp":1788454969515,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001827","name":"University of Amsterdam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chlorogenic acid (CHA) and gallic acid (GA) are safe natural phenolic compounds that are used as enhancers of some drugs in influencing antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities. Among fungi, Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. are characterized by an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance phenomena and by a high morbidity and mortality of their infections. No data are available about the efficacy of CHA and GA combined with azoles on the antifungal susceptibility and on the virulence of both fungi. Therefore, their antifungal and antivirulence effects have been tested in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) or ketoconazole (KTZ) on 23 Candida spp. and 8\u00a0M. furfur isolates. Broth microdilution chequerboard, time-kill studies, and extracellular enzymes (phospholipase and hemolytic) activities were evaluated, displaying a synergistic antifungal action between CHA or GA and FLZ or KTZ on C. albicans, C. bovina, and C. parapsilosis, and antagonistic antifungal effects on M. furfur and Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) isolates. The time-kill studies confirmed the chequerboard findings, showing fungicidal inhibitory effect only when the GA was combined with azoles on Candida strains. However, the combination of phenolics with azoles had no effect on the virulence of the tested isolates. Our study indicates that the combination between natural products and conventional drugs could be an efficient strategy for combating azole resistance and for controlling fungistatic effects of azole drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T20:14:41Z","timestamp":1582661681000},"page":"1091-1101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effect of chlorogenic and gallic acids combined with azoles on antifungal susceptibility and virulence of multidrug-resistant Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur isolates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Wafa","family":"Rhimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma Inyang","family":"Aneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Annoscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teun","family":"Boekhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cafarchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020111110124856900_bib1","article-title":"Antimicrobial capacity of plant polyphenols against gram-positive bacteria: comprehensive review","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2020111110124856900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.08.034","article-title":"Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens","volume":"124","author":"Zaynab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2020111110124856900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801457","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/801457","article-title":"Roles of chlorogenic acid on regulating glucose and lipids metabolism: a review","volume":"2013","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2020111110124856900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/1920-4159.1000213","article-title":"Gallic acid: a promising lead molecule for drug development","volume":"8","author":"Nayeem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm"},{"key":"2020111110124856900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.89743","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of gallic acid in diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats","volume":"3","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. 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