{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:41:45Z","timestamp":1791996105037,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flatley Foundation","award":["3770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3770"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Airways of immunocompromised patients, or individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), are common ground for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Hence, in such a microenvironment both pathogens compete for resources. While under limiting iron conditions the siderophore pyoverdine is the most effective antifungal P. aeruginosa product, we now provide evidence that under nonlimiting iron conditions P. aeruginosa supernatants lack pyoverdine but still possess considerable antifungal activity. Spectrometric analyses of P. aeruginosa supernatants revealed the presence of phenazines, such as pyocyanin, only under nonlimiting iron conditions. Supernatants of quorum sensing mutants of strain PA14, defective in phenazine production, as well as supernatants of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, lacked pyocyanin, and were less inhibitory toward A. fumigatus biofilms under nonlimiting iron conditions. When blood as a natural source of iron was present during P. aeruginosa supernatant production, pyoverdine was absent, and phenazines, including pyocyanin, appeared, resulting in an antifungal effect on A. fumigatus biofilms. Pure pyocyanin reduced A. fumigatus biofilm metabolism. In summary, P. aeruginosa has mechanisms to compete with A. fumigatus under limiting and non-limiting iron conditions, and can switch from iron-denial-based to toxin-based antifungal activity. This has implications for the evolution of the microbiome in clinical settings where the two pathogens co-exist. Important differences in the iron response of P. aeruginosa laboratory strains PA14 and PAO1 were also uncovered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T19:11:35Z","timestamp":1594840295000},"page":"453-464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Under nonlimiting iron conditions pyocyanin is a major antifungal molecule, and differences between prototypic <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i> strains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Nazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulami","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021050323562782900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201498","article-title":"Basic science for the chest physician: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the cystic fibrosis airway","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2021050323562782900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2010.035.012.1537937","article-title":"Targeting the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to combat infections in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"35","author":"Smyth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Fut"},{"key":"2021050323562782900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2907","article-title":"Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cystic fibrosis airway: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"10","author":"Folkesson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021050323562782900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.10.005","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus collected from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"14","author":"Sabino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"2021050323562782900_bib5","first-page":"1655","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa opportunistic pathogen and human infections. 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