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The presence of specific host genetic variants and the patient's immune system status may also influence the establishment of an IMI and the outcome of its therapy. Immunological components can thus be expected to play a pivotal role not only in the risk assessment and diagnosis, but also in the treatment of IMI. Cytokines could improve the reliability of an invasive aspergillosis diagnosis by serving as biomarkers as do serological and molecular assays, since they can be easily measured, and the turnaround time is short. The use of immunological markers in the assessment of treatment response could be helpful to reduce overtreatment in high risk patients and allow prompt escalation of antifungal treatment. Mould-active prophylaxis could be better targeted to individual host needs, leading to a targeted prophylaxis in patients with known immunological profiles associated with high susceptibility for IMI, in particular invasive aspergillosis. The alteration of cellular antifungal immune response through oncological drugs and immunosuppressants heavily influences the outcome and may be even more important than the choice of the antifungal treatment. There is a need for the development of new antifungal strategies, including individualized approaches for prevention and treatment of IMI that consider genetic traits of the patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs may alter the ability of the immune system to fight invasive mould infections and may be more important than the choice of the antifungal treatment. Individualized approaches for prevention and treatment of invasive mold infections are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:36:42Z","timestamp":1597750602000},"page":"93-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Future challenges and chances in the diagnosis and management of invasive mould infections in cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg Janne","family":"Vehreschild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Lamoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, 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