{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:15:36Z","timestamp":1785449736630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81720108026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81720108026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81201269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81201269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["shslczdzk01001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["shslczdzk01001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology counsel project","award":["17DZ2272900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17DZ2272900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:label\/>\n                  <jats:p>Although cryptococcosis is widely recognized as infection by Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato from environmental sources, information concerning the characteristics of environmental isolates of C. neoformans s. l. and how they are related to clinical isolates is very limited, especially in East China. In this study, 61 environmental isolates of C. neoformans were recovered from pigeon (Columba livia) droppings from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China. These isolates were genotyped using the ISHAM-MLST consensus scheme and their antifungal drug susceptibilities were determined following the CLSI M27-A3 guidelines. The 61 isolates were found belonging to 13 sequence types (STs), including several novel STs such as ST254 and ST194. The dominant ST in this environmental sample was ST31, different from that of clinical strains (ST5) in this region. Azole-resistance, such as fluconazole (FLU)-resistance, was observed among our environmental C. neoformans isolates. The findings of this study expand our understanding of ecological niches, population genetic diversity, and azole-resistance characteristics of the yeast in East China. Our research lays the foundation for further comparative analysis the potential mechanisms for the observed differences between environmental and clinical populations of C. neoformans in China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cryptococcosis is widely recognized as infection by Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato from environmental sources. However, there is currently limited information about the genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of environmental C. neoformans s. l. isolates, including how they may differ from clinical samples. In this study, we collected 61 environmental C. neoformans isolates from domestic pigeon droppings from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China. These isolates were genotyped using multi-locus sequencing. We found a high genotypic diversity in this population of C. neoformans, with several novel genotypes and a distribution of genotypes different from that of clinical strains in this region. Azole-resistance, such as fluconazole (FLU)-resistance, was observed among our environmental C. neoformans isolates. The findings of this study expand our understanding of ecological niches, genetic diversity, and azole-resistance characteristics of the yeast in East China. Our research lays the foundation for phylogenomic analysis investigating why and how disparate population structures of C. neoformans isolates formed between environmental and clinical sources in the region.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T07:10:18Z","timestamp":1605078618000},"page":"653-663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of environmental isolates of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4454-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanqing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.6","article-title":"Cryptococcus: from environmental saprophyte to global pathogen","volume":"14","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019760","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis","volume":"4","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.5.379.383","article-title":"Possible primary ecological niche of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"38","author":"Lazera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802124026","article-title":"The expanding host tree species spectrum of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans and their isolations from surrounding soil in India","volume":"46","author":"Randhawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1647\/2018-370","article-title":"High prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans and isolation of other opportunistic fungi from pigeon (Columba livia) droppings in Northeast Iran","volume":"33","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib6","first-page":"183","article-title":"Frequency and geographical distribution of genotypes and mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Argentina","volume":"52","author":"Taverna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac","article-title":"Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00126-13","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii infections","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009","article-title":"Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii\/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex","volume":"78","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00357-16","article-title":"The case for adopting the \u201cspecies complex\u201d nomenclature for the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis","volume":"2","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00238-17","article-title":"Importance of resolving fungal nomenclature: the case of multiple pathogenic species in the Cryptococcus genus","volume":"2","author":"Hagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america","volume":"50","author":"Perfect","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01299-15","article-title":"Increased antifungal drug resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1023-8","article-title":"Increasing trend of fluconazole-non-susceptible Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with invasive cryptococcosis: a 12-year longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1915-8","article-title":"Cryptococcosis: epidemiology, fungal resistance, and new alternatives for treatment","volume":"32","author":"Gullo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.029025-0","article-title":"In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles and genotypes of 308 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii serotype B from north-western India","volume":"60","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246420140564","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates in Jabalpur, a city of Madhya Pradesh in Central India","volume":"46","author":"Gutch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq216","article-title":"Transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans by organ transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Baddley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.017","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China","volume":"78","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genetics and Biology"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-017-0601-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of fungal infections in China","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx026","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment in Beijing, China","volume":"55","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12312","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of clinical Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from Sichuan province, China","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.008","article-title":"Predominance of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii multilocus sequence type 5 and emergence of isolates with non-wild-type minimum inhibitory concentrations to fluconazole: a multi-centre study in China","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20054-4","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing reveals both shared and unique genotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans in Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072222","article-title":"Geographically structured populations of Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii in Asia correlate with HIV status and show a clonal population structure","volume":"8","author":"Khayhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2289-2","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in China between 2007 and 2013 using multilocus sequence typing and the DiversiLab system","volume":"34","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009124","article-title":"Microsatellite typing of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates from Cuba shows multiple genetic lineages","volume":"5","author":"Illnait-Zaragozi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2011.606426","article-title":"Environmental prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in India: an update","volume":"38","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780410001712025","article-title":"Efficacy of swabbing versus a conventional technique for isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from decayed wood in tree trunk hollows","volume":"43","author":"Randhawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fow045","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fow045","article-title":"Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean basin","volume":"16","author":"Cogliati","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib32","first-page":"511","article-title":"Ecological surveys of the Cryptococcus species complex in China","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00176-4","article-title":"The internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene show extensive diversity among isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex","volume":"4","author":"Katsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780902953886","article-title":"Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129","article-title":"adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers","volume":"24","author":"Jombart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu136","article-title":"PopGenome: an efficient Swiss army knife for population genomic analyses in R","volume":"31","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13041","article-title":"Genotypic diversity in clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from India using multilocus microsatellite and multilocus sequence typing","volume":"63","author":"Prakash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002297","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity amongst isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans\/C. gattii species complex in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Kaocharoen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.3.360","article-title":"Genotypes of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Korea","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz122","article-title":"Fantastic yeasts and where to find them: the discovery of a predominantly clonal Cryptococcus deneoformans population in Saudi Arabian soils","volume":"95","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-014-0081-x","article-title":"FASconCAT-G: extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies","volume":"11","author":"Kuck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.2007-2009.2000","article-title":"Direct PCR of Cryptococcus neoformans MAT alpha and MAT a pheromones to determine mating type, ploidy, and variety: a tool for epidemiological and molecular pathogenesis studies","volume":"38","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032868","article-title":"Resistance of Asian Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A is confined to few microsatellite genotypes","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06252-11","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and flucytosine","volume":"56","author":"Espinel-Ingroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01115-12","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole","volume":"56","author":"Espinel-Ingroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.708883","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Cryptococcus neoformans in non-HIV associated cryptococcosis in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"51","author":"Mihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.751642","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Italian clinical Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates","volume":"51","author":"Cogliati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01103049","article-title":"The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings and serotyping of naturally and clinically sourced isolates in China","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib50","first-page":"42","article-title":"Ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"14","author":"Sorrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0594","article-title":"Occurrence and susceptibilities to disinfectants of Cryptococcus neoformans in fecal droppings from pigeons in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"78","author":"Krangvichain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.1994.37.9-10.325","article-title":"Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon (Columba livia) droppings in Mexico City","volume":"37","author":"Castanon-Olivares","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-005-0186-z","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolated from the excreta of psittaciformes in a southern Brazilian zoological garden","volume":"161","author":"Abegg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-7-11","article-title":"Cryptococcus spp isolated from dust microhabitat in Brazilian libraries","volume":"7","author":"Leite","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.556-564.2005","article-title":"Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"43","author":"Litvintseva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197841","article-title":"MLST reveals a clonal population structure for Cryptococcus neoformans molecular type VNI isolates from clinical sources in Amazonas, Northern-Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib57","article-title":"Genotypic diversity is independent of pathogenicity in Colombian strains of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Galleria mellonella","volume":"4","author":"Velez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004849","article-title":"Unisexual reproduction drives meiotic recombination and phenotypic and karyotypic plasticity in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112628","article-title":"Distribution of alpha and alpha mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans among natural and clinical isolates","volume":"108","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.8.1410-1419.2005","article-title":"Clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus gattii from Australia that retain sexual fecundity","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.071312","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2008.00422.x","article-title":"Genotype and mating type analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from China that mainly originated from non-HIV-infected patients","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001343","article-title":"Low diversity Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii multilocus sequence types from Thailand are consistent with an ancestral African origin","volume":"7","author":"Simwami","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.218727.116","article-title":"Population genomics and the evolution of virulence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"27","author":"Desjardins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10092-5","article-title":"Three phylogenetic groups have driven the recent population expansion of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"Ashton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12863","article-title":"Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China","volume":"62","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2883-2886.2000","article-title":"In vitro activities of ravuconazole (BMS-207147) against 541 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"44","author":"Yamazumi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01179-17","article-title":"Environmental triazole induces cross-resistance to clinical drugs and affects morphophysiology and virulence of Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans","volume":"62","author":"Bastos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021070523533594900_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01005-16","article-title":"Epidemiology and molecular characterizations of azole resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from China","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/59\/7\/653\/38670858\/myaa096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/59\/7\/653\/38670858\/myaa096.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1625514925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/59\/7\/653\/6017503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myaa096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}}}