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Purified peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and were treated with ethanol, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, and sodium acetate, and stimulated with P. brasiliensis yeast cells and evaluated for their phenotypic characteristics, functional activity, and capability to induce T cells activation\/differentiation. We found that the ethanol treatment diminished the expression of HLA-AB, HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, modulating the expression of dectin-1, as well as Syk phosphorylation. The ethanol treatment increased the phagocytic activity, expression of CD206, and IL-10 production; however, reduced ROS production, fungicidal activity, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 production. Our data also showed that the presence of ethanol reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells and increased the frequency of Th2 cells. Our results indicated that ethanol exposure could suppress effector function of macrophages, possibly leading to the polarization of M2 macrophages. The ethanol modulates the expression of costimulatory and antigen-presentation molecules and interferes with the NLRP3 inflammasome. Altogether, these alterations affect the development of the adaptive response, decreasing the frequency of IL-17, IL-22, and IFN- \u03b3 producing cells, and increasing the frequency of IL-4 producing cells. Therefore, exposure to ethanol can impair the capability of macrophages to exert their effector functions and activate the acquired response related to resistance to P. brasiliensis infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T21:47:29Z","timestamp":1609883249000},"page":"773-783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ethanol modulates the effector functions of human monocyte-derived macrophages in response to<i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/i>yeast cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia Furquim","family":"de Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), 13202-550, Jundia\u00ed, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Vieira","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), 13202-550, Jundia\u00ed, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00facia Bergamasco","family":"Galastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), 13202-550, Jundia\u00ed, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis Henrique Leandro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larissa Nara Alegrini","family":"Longhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Heloisa","family":"de Souza Lima Blotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronei Luciano","family":"Mamoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), 13202-550, Jundia\u00ed, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080323595963900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018653.19696.01","article-title":"Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk","volume":"105","author":"Di Castelnuovo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021080323595963900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01005.x","article-title":"Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing age-related macular degeneration in NHANES-1","volume":"46","author":"Obisesan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Society"},{"key":"2021080323595963900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf074","article-title":"Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging","volume":"156","author":"Lindsay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J. 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