{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:29:05Z","timestamp":1780406945332,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACF-2015-16-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2015-16-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000403","name":"Meningitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI118511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI118511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:label\/>\n                  <jats:p>Blood cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) titers\u00a0&amp;gt;160 are associated with concurrent subclinical cryptococcal meningitis (CM). When lumbar puncture (LP) is not immediately available in a CrAg screening program, semi-quantitative CrAg assays may provide risk stratification for CM. Two semi-quantitative assays (SQ [Immuno-Mycologics, Norman, OK, USA] and CryptoPS [Biosynex, Strasbourg, France]) were evaluated against a qualitative lateral flow assay (LFA) using 194 plasma samples from a cohort of HIV-seropositive individuals with CD4 counts &amp;lt;100 cells\/\u03bcl. We compared SQ and CryptoPS results to titers for LFA-positive samples. Among patients with LP, we examined the association between semi-quantitative CrAg results and CM. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to determine the association between SQ score and mortality. Of 194 participants, 60 (31%) had positive LFA results, of whom 41 (68%) had a titer of \u2264160 and 19 (32%) a titer\u00a0&amp;gt;160. Fifty individuals with antigenemia had an LP; a clinically useful SQ score that identified all ten cases of subclinical CM was \u22653 (100% sensitivity, 55% specificity). Patients with an SQ score of 3 or 4 also had a 2.2-fold increased adjusted hazards of 6-month mortality (95% CI: 0.79\u20136.34; p = 0.13) versus those with score of &amp;lt;3. Nine of ten patients with subclinical CM had a strong-positive CryptoPS result versus 10\/40 without subclinical CM (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Semi-quantitative assays offered a sensitive though not specific means of gauging the risk of concurrent CM in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated two single-step laboratory tests that can quantify the amount of cryptococcal antigen in plasma of patients with advanced HIV disease and could thus gauge the risk of concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and subsequent mortality. These tests are not a substitute for a lumbar puncture.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T19:11:02Z","timestamp":1624475462000},"page":"1041-1047","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of semi-quantitative cryptococcal antigen results in plasma with subclinical cryptococcal meningitis and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Nozuko P","family":"Blasich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 7530, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, SW17 0RE, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Rukasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 7530, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelesh P","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7935, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: An updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906","article-title":"Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast","volume":"20","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01238","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01238-18","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis diagnostics and screening in the era of point-of-care laboratory 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Amphotericin for Asymptomatic Cryptococcal Antigenemia (ACACIA)"},{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib11","author":"Treatment of cryptococcal antigen-positive patients identified through screening using fluconazole plus flucytosine vs fluconazole alone"},{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001561","article-title":"Lumbar puncture refusal in sub-Saharan Africa: a call for further understanding and intervention","volume":"84","author":"Thakur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021100323523035500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix872","article-title":"High cryptococcal antigen titers in blood are predictive of subclinical cryptococcal meningitis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"66","author":"Wake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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