{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:12:24Z","timestamp":1790467944250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic disease caused by melanized fungi that mainly affect individuals performing soil-related labor. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in Latin America and the Caribbean by an extensive literature review. An integrative review was performed of English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish publications in LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases covering the period 1969\u20132019. A total of 1211 articles were identified, of which 132 were included in the review, covering 2081 patients, 80.3% were males, the mean age was 56.1 years. The mean duration of the disease was 10.8 years. The lesions were mainly described in the lower limbs (60%). The most frequent clinical forms were verrucous (46.4%) and tumorous (21.7%). Major disease symptoms and signs consisted of itching and pain. Bacterial infection and functional limitation were important complications. Immunosuppression post-kidney transplantation was the most frequent comorbidity while leprosy was the main concomitant infectious disease. Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii were the predominant etiological agents. Majority of the cured cases were treated with itraconazole as monotherapy or in combination with other antifungals, surgery or cryosurgery. Chromoblastomycosis affects hundreds of rural workers in Latin America and the Caribbean, causing disability and personal, family and economic losses. It is important to prioritize epidemiological surveillance and early diagnosis of this disease in order to reveal its real prevalence and direct resources to preventive actions, diagnosis and early treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromoblastomycosis is a slowly progressing chronic disease caused by melanized fungi. We collected data from South America and the Caribbean covering 1969\u20132019, the 132 articles included 2081 patients, mean disease duration was 10.8 years. Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii predominated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T19:15:15Z","timestamp":1633806915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Chromoblastomycosis in Latin America and the Caribbean: Epidemiology over the past 50 years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Guevara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology\/Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan Pereira","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology\/Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia Ferreira","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78048-902, Brazil"},{"name":"J\u00falio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78048-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Rossetto da Silva","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J\u00falio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78048-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferry","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, 3584CT, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosane Christine","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology\/Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78060-900, Brazil"},{"name":"J\u00falio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, CEP 78048-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib1","author":"WHO","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20187321","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: an etiological, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment update","volume":"93","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2016.08.005","article-title":"First case of chromoblastomycosis due to Phoma insulana","volume":"36","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enf Inf Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08091.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Chaetomium funicola: a case report from Western Panama","volume":"157","author":"Piepenbring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-16","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"30","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-015-9887-0","article-title":"Cutaneous chromoblastomycosis caused by Veronaea botryosa in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris and review of published reports","volume":"180","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30306-7","article-title":"Neglected endemic mycoses","volume":"17","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib8","first-page":"95","article-title":"Chromomycosis","author":"Al-Doory","year":"1983","journal-title":"Occupational mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.45","article-title":"Forty years of chromoblastomycosis in Madagascar: a review","volume":"55","author":"Esterre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib10","article-title":"World health organization. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses","author":"WHO","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-07072008000400018","article-title":"Revis\u00e3o integrativa: m\u00e9todo de pesquisa para a incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o de evid\u00eancias na sa\u00fade e na enfermagem","volume":"17","author":"Mendes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Texto Contexto Enferm"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082010rw1134","article-title":"Integrative review: what is it? How to do it?","volume":"8","author":"Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib13","first-page":"260","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis: a prop\u00f3sito de un caso","volume":"39","author":"Pyke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Cut Ibero Lat Am"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib14","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cromomicosis: uso del tratamiento combinado de itraconazol y 5-fluorouracilo en Fonsecaea pedrosoi e itraconazol y criospray en Exophiala jeanselmei var. lecanii-corni","volume":"39","author":"Ali\u00f3","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib15","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cromomicose: relato de caso e revis\u00e3o da literatura","volume":"12","author":"de Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Clin Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib16","first-page":"172","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in the amazon region, Brazil, caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea nubica, and Rhinocladiella similis: clinicopathology, susceptibility, and molecular identification","volume":"58","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652010000600008","article-title":"Treatment of severe chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole and 5-flucytosine association","volume":"52","author":"Antonello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib18","first-page":"365","article-title":"Cromomicosis","volume":"15","author":"Anzorena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Argent"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219880000071","article-title":"Auricular chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa","volume":"36","author":"Arango","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3823\/2584","article-title":"Clinical aspects of pacients with chromoblastomycosis treated in a dermatology reference center in the Brazilian amazon","volume":"11","author":"Avelar Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib21","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cromomicosis: presentaci\u00f3n de un caso at\u00edpico","volume":"42","author":"Tejos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ104","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma derived from chronic chromoblastomycosis in Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00637-15","article-title":"Fonsecaea pugnacius, a novel agent of disseminated chromoblastomycosis","volume":"53","author":"de Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903471073","article-title":"Rhinocladiella aquaspersa, proven agent of verrucous skin infection and a novel type of chromoblastomycosis","volume":"48","author":"Badali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib25","first-page":"134","article-title":"Cromomicosis en el estado lara","volume":"24","author":"Barroeta","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000500017","article-title":"Mucormycosis and chromoblastomycosis occurring in a patient with leprosy type 2 reaction under prolonged corticosteroid and thalidomide therapy","volume":"87","author":"Bas\u00edlio","year":"2012","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651994000400014","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose auricular: relato de um caso","volume":"36","author":"Bittencourt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib28","first-page":"13","article-title":"Itraconazol: eficacia en cromomicosis por Cladosporium carrionii","volume":"32","author":"P\u00e9rez-Blanco","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib29","first-page":"254","article-title":"Meneghello Fuentefria A. Chromoblastomycosis in santa catarina state, Brazil","volume":"62","author":"de Bona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib30","first-page":"31","article-title":"Cromomicose c\u00edstica: estudo de cinco casos","volume":"62","author":"Calheiros","year":"1987","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.53393\/rial.1975.35.37074","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose em pacientes com hanseniase","volume":"35\/36","author":"Campos","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib32","first-page":"271","article-title":"La micolog\u00eda en el Estado Zulia","volume":"4","author":"Casas-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"1973","journal-title":"Kasmera"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib33","first-page":"28","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis por Cladosporium sp","volume":"15","author":"Cavero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia dermatol Peru"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib34","first-page":"149","article-title":"Casu\u00edstica de cromomicosis en el estado bol\u00edvar (1987-2010) y evaluaci\u00f3n de la sensibilidad in vitro de dos aislados de Fonsecaea pedrosoi","volume":"31","author":"Cerme\u00f1o","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Ven Microbiol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006675","article-title":"Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of clinical strains of Fonsecaea spp. isolated from patients with chromoblastomycosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962010000400005","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose: relato de 27 casos e revis\u00e3o da literatura","volume":"85","author":"Correia","year":"2010","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903585074","article-title":"Extensive long-standing chromomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi\u202f: three cases with relevant improvement under voriconazole therapy","volume":"22","author":"Criado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962010000100018","article-title":"Dermatite verrucosa de pedroso e gomes (Cromomicose): 90 anos depois, ainda entre nos","volume":"85","author":"Criado","year":"2010","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9660-1","article-title":"A case of relapsed chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea monophora: antifungal susceptibility and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"176","author":"Daboit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib40","first-page":"48","article-title":"Cromomicosis de presentaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica inusual","volume":"12","author":"Di Martino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Panam Infectol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21115","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv5n10-274","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis and Chagas\u2019 disease: a case study in the Brazilian northeast","volume":"5","author":"Diniz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz J of Develop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9396-8","article-title":"Auricular chromoblastomycosis: a case report and review of published literature","volume":"172","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2018.10.001","article-title":"Exophiala psychrophila: a new agent of chromoblastomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Garzon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142621","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: an exuberant case","volume":"89","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02757.x","article-title":"Melanoma in a long-standing lesion of chromoblastomycosis","volume":"45","author":"Gon A dos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.08.001","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa","volume":"2","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165142","article-title":"Response of chromoblastomycosis to voriconazole","volume":"91","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib48","first-page":"155","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul","volume":"64","author":"Londero","year":"1989","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.1978.17.5.414","article-title":"Six years\u2019 experience in treatment of chromomycosis with 5-fluorocytosine","volume":"17","author":"Lopes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib50","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cromomicosis: presentaci\u00f3n de dos casos em nuestro medio","volume":"65","author":"Luna Cian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Argent Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib51","first-page":"90","article-title":"Cromomicosis: reporte de un caso severo y revision de la literatura","volume":"28","author":"Mandel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib52","first-page":"243","article-title":"Micoses profundas diagnosticadas no Servi\u00e7o de Dermatologia do Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jaffr\u00e9e e Guinle (HUGG) no per\u00edodo de 1978 a 1989","volume":"66","author":"Mapurunga","year":"1991","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib53","first-page":"117","article-title":"Micoses profundas no Cear\u00e1: estudo dos casos diagnosticados no Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1 (1983-1988)","volume":"65","author":"Mapurunga","year":"1990","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153252","article-title":"Clinical and demographic profile of chromoblastomycosis in a referral service in the midwest of S\u00e3o Paulo state (Brazil)","volume":"90","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780310001597700","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa","volume":"42","author":"Marques","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib56","first-page":"34","article-title":"Auricular chromoblastomycosis: an atypical presentation case and review of literature","volume":"37","author":"Mart\u00ednez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Soc Ven Microbiol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821997000400006","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose no Rio Grande do Sul: relato de 12 casos","volume":"30","author":"Matte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bra Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.112220","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: a review of 100 cases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Minotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib59","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cromomicosis en \u00e1rea no end\u00e9mica de Venezuela","volume":"15","author":"Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"CIMEL"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib60","first-page":"41","article-title":"Cromomicosis en el Estado Zulia","volume":"20","author":"Vargas-Montiel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04729.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: a clinical and molecular study of 18 cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Mouchalouat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0005-8","article-title":"Spectral manifestation of melanized fungal infections in kidney transplant recipients: report of six cases","volume":"181","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821973000100002","article-title":"Isolamento e identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos agentes da cromomicose em Belo Horizonte","volume":"7","author":"Oliveira","year":"1973","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701721856","article-title":"Extensive chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and itraconazole","volume":"46","author":"Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219180000471","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis with malignant transformation and cutaneous-synovial secondary localization. The potential therapeutic role of itraconazole","volume":"29","author":"Paul","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500543238","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in children and adolescents in the endemic area of the Falc\u00f3n State, Venezuela","volume":"44","author":"P\u00e9rez-Blanco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib67","first-page":"51","article-title":"Cromomicosis por Rhinocladiella aquaspersa: descripci\u00f3n del primer caso en Venezuela","volume":"15","author":"P\u00e9rez-Blanco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03115.x","article-title":"Treatment of chromomycosis by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen: a report on eleven cases","volume":"15","author":"Pimentel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piel.2014.04.011","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis anular ulcerada","volume":"29","author":"Pinos-Leon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Piel"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib70","first-page":"396","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis: una nueva propuesta terap\u00e9utica","volume":"18","author":"de Tezanos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Argent"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000400006","article-title":"Clinical, epidemiological and mycological report on 65 patients from the Eastern Amazon region with chromoblastomycosis","volume":"87","author":"Pires","year":"2012","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib72","first-page":"147","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose dos membros superiores","volume":"7","author":"Proen\u00e7a","year":"1978","journal-title":"Rev Pat Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14185","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: clinical experience and review of literature","volume":"57","author":"Queir\u00f3z","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb04252.x","article-title":"Itraconazole in the treament of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi","volume":"31","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.20873\/uft.2446-6492.2018v5n1p46","article-title":"Use of amphotericin B in the simultaneous treatment of chromoblastomycosis and American tegumentary leishmaniasis: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Resstel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Pat Tocantins"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40448.x","article-title":"Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole","volume":"544","author":"Restrepo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20170012","article-title":"Chromomycosis, an unusual cause of cicatricial ectropion: a case report","volume":"80","author":"Rios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalm"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib78","first-page":"50","article-title":"Cromomicosis: a prop\u00f3sito de 35 casos observados en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogot\u00e1","volume":"38","author":"Rocha","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9824-7","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis by Cladophialophora carrionii associated with squamous cell carcinoma and review of published reports","volume":"179","author":"Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib80","first-page":"437","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n cI\u00ednca y terap\u00e9utica. Presentaci\u00f3n de 2 casos en el Distrito Col\u00f3n","volume":"5","author":"Urdaneta","year":"1977","journal-title":"Kasmera"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2008.01025.x","article-title":"Cutaneous localized annular chromoblastomycosis","volume":"36","author":"Salgado","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cut Pathol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70195-X","article-title":"Cutaneous diffuse chromoblastomycosis","volume":"5","author":"Salgado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00322.x","article-title":"Acute chromoblastomycosis provoked by an insect bite in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"41","author":"Sauerteig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821992000100006","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose produzida por Fonsecaea pedrosoi no Estado do Maranh\u00e3o. I-Aspectos cl\u00ednicos, epidemiol\u00f3gicos e evolutivos","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib85","first-page":"41","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose tratada com itraconazol sist\u00eamico associado a anfotericina B intralesional","volume":"74","author":"Silva","year":"1999","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821994000400007","article-title":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de cromoblastomicose e hansen\u00edase: relato de dois casos","volume":"27","author":"Silva C de","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006957415346","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: a retrospective study of 325 cases on Amazonic Region (Brazil)","volume":"143","author":"Silva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib88","first-page":"44","article-title":"Tratamiento de la cromomicosis bilateral con pulsos de itraconazol","volume":"31","author":"Solalinde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Act Terap Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1590\/S1726-46342011000300023","article-title":"Cromomicosis: reporte de un caso incapacitante","volume":"28","author":"Sol\u00f3rzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Per Med Exp Salud Pub"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm0807060","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"361","author":"Troncoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib91","first-page":"71","volume":"37","author":"Valecillos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Placas verrugosas faciales. Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20154490","article-title":"Tumoral chromoblastomycosis: a rare manifestation with typical complementary exams","volume":"90","author":"Veasey","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib93","first-page":"165","article-title":"Cromomicosis experiencia de doce a\u00f1os","volume":"1","author":"Velasquez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Med Col"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4067\/s0716-10182017000400404","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis: caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas y microbiol\u00f3gicas de una enfermedad desatendida","volume":"34","author":"Ventura-Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Chil Infectol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.18004\/rvspmi\/2312-3893\/2017.04(02)27-033","article-title":"Chromomycosis: casuistics of the Dermatology Service of the National Hospital, period 1991- 2015","volume":"4","author":"Wattiez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev virtual Soc Parag Med Int"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib96","first-page":"235","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis por Cladophialophora carrionii en criadores de caprinos del estado Falcon","volume":"26","author":"Yegres","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest Clin"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1987.tb03831.x","article-title":"A case of primary nasal chromoblastomycosis","volume":"30","author":"Zaror","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib98","first-page":"32","article-title":"Cromomicosis: a prop\u00f3sito de tres casos","volume":"5","author":"Cardenas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Boliviana Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.11.002","article-title":"Differential distribution patterns of Fonsecaea: agents of chromoblastomycosis, exemplified by the first case due to F. monophora from Argentina","volume":"20","author":"Label","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib100","first-page":"70","article-title":"Dermatite verrucosa cromoparasit\u00e1ria (cromomicose): investiga\u00e7\u00e4o de casos no Estado do Esp\u00edrito Santo","volume":"65","author":"Matt\u00eade","year":"1990","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008000600008","article-title":"Cladophialophora carrionii: a rare agent of chromoblastomycosis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Mouchalouat M de","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9634-3","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi and F. monophora in Cuba","volume":"175","author":"Badali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm040848","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"352","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib104","first-page":"27","article-title":"Amputaci\u00f3n interescapulotor\u00e1cica por cromomicosis y carcinoma epidermoide","volume":"15","author":"Collazo-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Cub Ortop Traumatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib105","first-page":"136","article-title":"Cromomicosis: hongos demati\u00e1ceos que intervienen en su etiolog\u00eda","volume":"37","author":"Sim\u00f3n","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Cub Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coexistencia de lepra y cromomicosis. A prop\u00f3sito de un caso","volume":"43","author":"Canto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Dominicana Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib107","first-page":"37","article-title":"Chromomycosis. Presentation of a patient","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Med Centro"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib108","first-page":"224","article-title":"Cromomicosis: presentaci\u00f3n de un caso","volume":"22","author":"Flores Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Arch Med Camaguey"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib109","first-page":"133","article-title":"Cromomicosis. Presentaci\u00f3n de un paciente","volume":"17","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Escudero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicent Electr\u00f3n"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.55.647.603","article-title":"Mycoses imported from the West Indies. A report of three cases","volume":"55","author":"Hay","year":"1979","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chromomycose en Guadeloupe","volume":"135","author":"Levang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib112","first-page":"79","article-title":"Cromomicosis. A prop\u00f3sito de un paciente","volume":"16","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicent Electr\u00f3n"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib113","first-page":"28","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis facial y esporotricoide. A prop\u00f3sito de un caso","volume":"37","author":"Maleck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Dom Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib114","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cromomicosis por Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Presentaci\u00f3n at\u00edpica en paciente geri\u00e1trica","volume":"37","author":"J\u00e1quez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Ven"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000183468","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in a renal transplant patient","volume":"40","author":"Morales","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib116","first-page":"226","article-title":"Tratamiento exitoso de un caso de cromoblatomicosis verrucosa extensa con ex\u00e9resis quir\u00fargica asociada a uso de ketoconazol","volume":"57","author":"Moreira Preciado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Cuba Med Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577306600233","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"66","author":"Morison","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90287-0","article-title":"A case of chromomycosis treated with thiabendazole","volume":"77","author":"Oll\u00e9-Goig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib119","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis: un caso de rara localizaci\u00f3n","volume":"8","author":"Pimentel-Imbert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med Dom"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cromomicosis: reporte de un caso","volume":"4","author":"Alay\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Cub Tec Salud"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00205.x","article-title":"A case of chromoblastomycosis responding to treatment with itraconazole","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib122","first-page":"131","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis","volume":"6","author":"Linares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Hosp Univ General Calixto Garc\u00eda"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib123","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis. Informe de un caso con localizaci\u00f3n at\u00edpica","volume":"15","author":"Ferr\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol CMQ"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib124","first-page":"759","article-title":"Presentaci\u00f3n de un paciente con cromomicosis","volume":"18","author":"Aguirre-Ulloa","year":"2014","journal-title":"CCM"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib125","first-page":"410","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis por Fonsecaea pedrosoi en un paciente con diabetes mellitus descontrolada y con ingesti\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica de corticoesteroides","volume":"60","author":"Aguayo-Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Rev Mex"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib126","first-page":"529","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis en placa superficial. Manifestaci\u00f3n de una variante poco habitual","volume":"58","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Montiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Rev Mex"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-215391","article-title":"Chromomycosis","author":"Arguello-Guerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Reports"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib128","first-page":"459","article-title":"Panorama epidemiol\u00f3gico de la cromoblastomicosis en el Centro Dermatol\u00f3gico de Yucat\u00e1n","volume":"60","author":"Atoche-Di\u00e9guez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Rev Mex"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630410024538","article-title":"Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: experience with four cases","volume":"16","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib130","first-page":"542","article-title":"Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole, cryosurgery, and a combination of both","volume":"36","author":"Bonifaz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib131","first-page":"96","article-title":"Abordaje terap\u00e9utico m\u00faltiple de la cromomicosis","volume":"26","author":"Cardona-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Centro Dermatol Pascua"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.04.002","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella similis\u202f: case report","volume":"16","author":"Heidrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib133","first-page":"1","article-title":"Micosis subcut\u00e1neas en personal militar de M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"43","author":"Ugalde-Aguilar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Dom Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib134","first-page":"268","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis y micetoma. Informe de un caso por presentaci\u00f3n simult\u00e1nea de Fonsecaea pedrosoi y Nocardia brasiliensis","volume":"12","author":"Chaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol CMQ"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib135","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cromomicosis (Nuevos casos de cromomicosis tratados con anfotericina B y 5-fluorcitocina","volume":"47","author":"Astorga","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev Med Costa Rica"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib136","first-page":"373","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis por Cladophialophora carrionii: primer caso descrito en literatura Costarricense","volume":"67","author":"Mora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Costa Rica Centro Am"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.09.014","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa: first case report in Guatemala","volume":"94","author":"Porras-L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.51581\/rccm.v22i1.38","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis en hueco popl\u00edteo derecho, reporte de caso. Puebla, M\u00e9xico","volume":"22","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Espinoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Cient Cienc Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib139","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis en M\u00e9xico: revisi\u00f3n de 603 casos en siete d\u00e9cadas","volume":"12","author":"Romero Navarrete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol CMQ"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.07.008","article-title":"An impressive case of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi in a patient with a long history of fungal infection","volume":"28","author":"Romero-Navarrete","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03494.x","article-title":"Longitudinal melanonychia secondary to chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi","volume":"47","author":"Sarti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib142","first-page":"737","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis: situaci\u00f3n en Costa Rica","volume":"71","author":"Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Med Costa Rica Centro Am"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib143","first-page":"30","article-title":"Carcinoma de c\u00e9lulas escamosas asociado a cromoblastomicosis","volume":"81","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Matute","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Med Hondur"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2001.00613.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: clinical and mycologic experience of 51 cases","volume":"44","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12216","article-title":"Case of chromoblastomycosis with pulmonary involvement","volume":"40","author":"Camara-Lemarroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib146","first-page":"112","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Honduras","volume":"24","author":"Cueva","year":"1956","journal-title":"Rev Med Hondur"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib147","first-page":"218","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in El Salvador; report of 1 case","volume":"9","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"1956","journal-title":"Arch Col Med El Salvador"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib148","first-page":"9","article-title":"Esporotricosis y cromomicosis presentes en una misma lesion ulcerada verrucosa en un adulto de la ciudad de Guatemala","volume":"33","author":"Camey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev Col M\u00e9d Guatem"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436530","article-title":"Study of the conidial development and cleistothecium-like structure of some strains of Fonsecaea pedrosoi","volume":"84","author":"Ibrahim-Granet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib150","first-page":"312","article-title":"Natural history of chromoblastomycosis in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean","volume":"90","author":"Esterre","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191498","article-title":"Endemic chromoblastomycosis caused predominantly by Fonsecaea nubica, Madagascar","volume":"26","author":"Rasamoelina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005534","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in India: review of 169 cases","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12943","article-title":"Subcutaneous mycoses in coastal Karnataka in South India","volume":"55","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib154","first-page":"496","article-title":"Epidemiology of subcutaneous mycoses in Northeast India: a retrospective study","volume":"63","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.102366","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Kerala, India","volume":"78","author":"Chanddran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9586-z","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in mainland China: a systematic review on clinical characteristics","volume":"175","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx075","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Taiwan: a report of 30 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006819530825","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis a clinical and mycological study of 71 cases from Sri Lanka","volume":"137","author":"Attapattu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1979.tb00120.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Queensland: a retrospective study of 13 cases at the Royal Brisbane Hospital","volume":"20","author":"Leslie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029600169843","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: a retrospective study of six cases at the Royal Darwin Hospital from 1989 to 1994","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e32836326a1","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Australia: an historical perspective","volume":"45","author":"Weedon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1983.tb03371.x","article-title":"Chromomycosis in Japan","volume":"22","author":"Fukushiro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01089.x","article-title":"A case of chromomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi and a review of reported cases of dematiaceous fungal infection in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Kondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360060100015","article-title":"Cutaneous chromomycosis in renal ransplant recipients: successful management in two cases","volume":"145","author":"Wackym","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib165","first-page":"1390","article-title":"A rare case of chromoblastomycosis in a 12-year-old boy","volume":"69","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1392","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in a child from India","volume":"5","author":"Pradeepkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.182425","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis associated with bone and central nervous involvement system in an immunocompetent child caused by Exophiala spinifera","volume":"61","author":"Srinivas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01150.x","article-title":"Invasive chromoblastomycosis and sinusitis due to Phialophora verrucosa in a child from northern Africa","volume":"48","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00820.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in India","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib170","first-page":"219","article-title":"Estudio epidemiol\u00f3gico de un area endemica para cromomicosis en el estado de Falc\u00f3n","volume":"23","author":"Albornoz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Invest clin"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218980000241","article-title":"HLA-A29 and genetic susceptibility to chromoblastomycosis","volume":"27","author":"Tsuneto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib172","first-page":"67","article-title":"Cromomisosis por Cladophialophora carrionii: estudio del componente gen\u00e9tico en la zona end\u00e9mica en Venezuela","volume":"18","author":"Naranjo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bol Soc Venez Microbiol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib173","first-page":"98","article-title":"Cromomicosis: susceptibilidad gen\u00e9tica en grupos familiares de la zona end\u00e9mica en Venezuela","volume":"43","author":"Yeg\u00fcez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Cient Venez"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.82.3.310","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in a case of borderline lepromatous leprosy with recurrent type II lepra reaction","volume":"82","author":"Apte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000700009","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: a neglected tropical disease","volume":"57","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib176","first-page":"181","article-title":"Cromoblastomicosis. Presentaci\u00f3n de dos casos","volume":"15","author":"Padilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Cent Dermatol Pascua"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12523","article-title":"A case of chromoblastomycosis by Fonsecaea nubica indicating a possible insect route of transmission","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-14","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis after a leech bite complicated by myiasis: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Slesak","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.02024.x","article-title":"Pulse itraconazole 400\u00a0mg daily in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis","volume":"31","author":"Ungpakorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802538001","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"47","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1950.tb39826.x","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"50","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1942.01500070023002","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in Cuba","volume":"45","author":"Pardo-Castello","year":"1942","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib183","first-page":"95","article-title":"La cromoblastomicosis en Costa Rica","volume":"1","author":"Romero","year":"1953","journal-title":"Rev Biol Trop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-017-0543-9","article-title":"Cancer et mycoses et revue de la litt\u00e9rature","volume":"110","author":"Develoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.05.018","article-title":"Mixed secondary bacterial infection is associated with severe lesions of chromoblastomycosis in a neglected population from Brazil","volume":"95","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.201339","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma in long-standing chromoblastomycosis","volume":"83","author":"Mohanty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.86.1.102","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in a resident of a leprosarium","volume":"86","author":"Dashatwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/687","article-title":"Rare case report of oral chromoblastomycosis in India","volume":"4","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610070044007","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma arising in extensive chromoblastomycosis","volume":"97","author":"Caplan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-009-9270-0","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in sub-tropical regions of India","volume":"169","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2005.00252.x","article-title":"Longitudinal melanonychia of the toenails with presence of Medlar bodies on biopsy","volume":"32","author":"Ko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-019-00351-9","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Kumbhakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Fungal Infect Rep"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000273","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis in a diabetic patient without a history of trauma","volume":"37","author":"Zarei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0711","article-title":"First reported australian case of Cladophialophora arxii: features consistent with possible primary pulmonary chromoblastomycosis","volume":"92","author":"Brischetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib195","article-title":"A clinico-mycological study on suspected cases of chromoblastomycosis: challenges in diagnosis and management","volume":"9","author":"Raj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diag Res"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib196","first-page":"113","article-title":"Cromoblastomicose no Rio Grande do Sul. Aspectos cl\u00ednicos, micol\u00f3gico e experimental","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"1949","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1953000300008","article-title":"Cromomicose do sistema nervoso: estudo anato-cl\u00ednico de um caso","volume":"11","author":"Netto","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802468209","article-title":"Molecular diversity of Fonsecaea (Chaetothyriales) causing chromoblastomycosis in Southern China","volume":"47","author":"Xi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01383.x","article-title":"Molecular phylogenetics of strains morphologically identified as Fonsecaea pedrosoi from clinical specimens","volume":"50","author":"Yaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx093","article-title":"Molecular identification of chromoblastomycosis clinical isolates in Guangdong","volume":"55","author":"Fransisca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005102","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of a agents of human chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the description of two novel species","volume":"10","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.100555","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Fonsecaea species","volume":"17","author":"Najafzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3114\/sim.2007.58.08","article-title":"Molecular analysis and pathogenicity of the Cladophialophora carrionii complex, with the description of a novel species","volume":"58","author":"de Hoog","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud Mycology"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9648-x","article-title":"Challenges in the therapy of chromoblastomycosis","volume":"175","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04171.x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of oral potassium iodide in chromoblastomycosis","volume":"49","author":"Narendranath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20132377","article-title":"Use of potassium iodide in dermatology: updates on an old drug","volume":"88","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107247","article-title":"Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th century drug for the 21st century\u2014uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications","volume":"43","author":"Sterling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib208","first-page":"328","article-title":"Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to the chromoblastomycosis agent Fonsecaea pedrosoi","volume":"41","author":"De Guzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00333-y","article-title":"Elbow malformation with osteoarthritis and bone destruction caused by chromoblastomycosis","volume":"184","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib210","first-page":"40","article-title":"Oral chromoblastomycosis: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Fatemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1573","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis of the conjunctiva mimicking melanoma of the ciliary body","volume":"130","author":"Bui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021120812115759000_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2012.10.001","article-title":"Las micosis en Venezuela: casu\u00edstica de los grupos de trabajo en micolog\u00eda (1984-2010)","volume":"30","author":"M\u00e9ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myab062\/41166193\/myab062.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/60\/1\/myab062\/41646725\/myab062.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/60\/1\/myab062\/41646725\/myab062.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T16:44:11Z","timestamp":1725900251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myab062\/6391503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myab062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"article-number":"myab062"}}