{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T20:23:15Z","timestamp":1780690995603,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003588","name":"American Pain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:label\/>\n                  <jats:p>Fungal keratitis is a devastating and difficult-to-treat ocular infection with high morbidity. Understanding geographic microbiological and clinical trends helps to guide rapid and effective treatment. We therefore report the characteristics and outcomes of fungal keratitis in Toronto,ON Canada, over a 20-year period. An electronic search of microbiology records at University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada identified all patients with positive corneal fungal culture over a 20-year period seen at our tertiary referral cornea practice. Review of corresponding patient charts identified demographic and microbiological details, clinical course, treatment regimen, and final outcomes associated with each episode of culture-positive fungal keratitis. A total of 46 patients with 51 discrete fungal keratitis episodes were included. Five patients experienced recurrent fungal keratitis. Candida species accounted for 60.8% of positive fungal cultures, followed by Filamentous species at 35.3%. Preferred initial anti-fungal treatment was topical amphotericin at 36.7% followed by topical voriconazole at 32.6%. Surgical intervention was required in 48.9% with therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty being the most common procedure (22.4%). Final visual acuity (VA) of\u00a0&amp;lt;20\/200 was attributed to 58% of patients in this study. Risk factors for poor outcomes included poor VA, topical steroid use at presentation, Candida involvement, history of ocular surface disease, organic ocular trauma, or prior corneal transplantation. Candida is the most frequent keratomycotic pathogen in Toronto. Risk factors for poor visual outcome include prior corneal transplantation, ocular surface disease\/trauma, or pre-existing topical steroid use. Early suspicion, diagnosis and treatment are paramount for best clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fungal keratitis can cause severe vision loss without effective treatment. In Toronto, Candida had been the most common species over a 20-year period. Poor clinical outcome was associated with low presenting visual acuity, previous corneal transplant, topical steroid use, trauma, and Candida involvement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T18:10:35Z","timestamp":1656094235000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical and microbiological analysis of fungal keratitis in Toronto, Canada: A 20-year study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Tanya","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 1A1 Canada"},{"name":"Sydney Eye Hospital , Sydney, NSW, 2000 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