{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:54:38Z","timestamp":1783698878673,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:label\/>\n                  <jats:p>Candida auris has significant implications for infection control due to its multidrug resistance and spread in healthcare settings. Current culture-based screening methods are laborious and risk muco-cutaneous colonisation of laboratory staff. We describe the adaptation of a published real-time PCR for the identification of C. auris in skin swabs for high-throughput infection control screening. Two published primer and probe sets were analysed utilising serial 10-fold dilutions of 15 C. auris strains to assess the PCR limit of detection. One primer and probe set was compatible with our laboratory workflow and was selected for further development yielding a limit of detection of 1 colony forming unit per reaction. Non-C. auris isolates as well as routine skin swabs (n\u00a0=\u00a0100) were tested by culture and PCR to assess specificity, where no cross-reactivity was detected. Skin swabs from a proven C. auris case (n\u00a0=\u00a06) were all both culture positive and PCR positive, while surveillance swabs from close contacts (n\u00a0=\u00a046) were all both culture negative and PCR negative. Finally, the use of a lysis buffer comprising 4\u00a0m guanidinium thiocyanate rendered swab-equivalent quantities of C. auris non-viable, providing assurance of the safety benefit of PCR over culture. The development of a PCR assay for high-throughput infection control screening is a promising method for rapid detection of C. auris with utility in an outbreak setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Candida auris, a difficult to treat yeast-like fungus, has spread through healthcare facilities globally, posing a serious threat to the health of patients. We evaluated a PCR-based method suitable for screening large numbers of patient samples to rapidly and accurately detect C. auris.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T03:20:20Z","timestamp":1659669620000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Candida auris<\/i> PCR for high-throughput infection control screening"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Lucy C","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5957-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"},{"name":"National Mycology Reference Centre (NMRC), SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry M","family":"Anninos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Turra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard F","family":"Weldhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mycology Reference Centre (NMRC), SA Pathology , Adelaide, SA 5000 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib1","article-title":"Candida auris","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2022"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.181321","article-title":"Candida auris sternal osteomyelitis in a man from Kenya visiting Australia","volume":"25","author":"Heath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.190936","article-title":"Incursions of Candida auris into Australia, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Lane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14612","article-title":"Diagnosis, management and prevention of Candida auris in hospitals: position statement of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.01.009","article-title":"Candida auris arriving on our shores: an Australian microbiology laboratory's experience","volume":"51","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006290","article-title":"Candida auris: a rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally","volume":"13","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00578","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.578","article-title":"Candida auris: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Osei Sekyere","year":"2018","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.11.009","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the rapid identification of yeasts causing bloodstream infections","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy210.395","article-title":"384. Findings from a Candida auris admission screening pilot in New York State","volume":"5","author":"Dufort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix744","article-title":"Approach to the investigation and management of patients with Candida auris, an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast","volume":"66","author":"Tsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01383-w","article-title":"Integrated genomic, epidemiologic investigation of Candida auris skin colonization in a skilled nursing facility","volume":"27","author":"Proctor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00921-17","article-title":"Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface","volume":"55","author":"Welsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa049","article-title":"CHROMagarTM Candida plus: a novel chromogenic agar that permits the rapid identification of Candida auris","volume":"59","author":"Borman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115168","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel chromogenic medium for Candida spp. identification and comparison with CHROMagarTM Candida for the detection of Candida auris in surveillance samples","volume":"98","author":"Mulet Bayona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03220","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03220-20","article-title":"Performance of two novel chromogenic media for the identification of multidrug-resistant Candida auris compared with other commercially available formulations","volume":"59","author":"de Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921","article-title":"Candida auris: epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161486","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Candida haemulonii and C. auris, Tel Aviv, Israel","volume":"23","author":"Ben-Ami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02903","article-title":"A new age in molecular diagnostics for invasive fungal disease: are we ready?","volume":"10","author":"Kidd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01604","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01604-18","article-title":"A Taqman probe-based real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris on the BD Max system","volume":"57","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01223","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01223-17","article-title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of Candida auris from surveillance samples","volume":"56","author":"Leach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117018109","article-title":"Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi","volume":"109","author":"Schoch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190686","article-title":"Potential fifth clade of Candida auris, Iran","volume":"25","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00605-6","article-title":"A chronic autochthonous fifth clade case of Candida auris otomycosis in Iran","volume":"187","author":"Safari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycopathologica"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib24","first-page":"e00371","article-title":"Candida auris phenotypic heterogeneity determines pathogenicity in vitro","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.162","article-title":"Effectiveness of disinfectants against Candida auris and other Candida species","volume":"38","author":"Cadnum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib26","article-title":"List P: antimicrobial products registered with EPA for claims against Candida auris","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2022"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2019.1594840","article-title":"Assessment of environmental and occupational exposure while working with multidrug resistant (MDR) fungus Candida auris in an animal facility","volume":"16","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203504","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Candida auris infections in critically ill coronavirus disease patients, India","volume":"26","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.030","article-title":"Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico","volume":"27","author":"Villanueva-Lozano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7002e3","article-title":"Candida auris outbreak in a COVID-19 specialty care unit \u2013 Florida","volume":"70","author":"Prestel","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2022081811575998200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01754","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01754-19","article-title":"Detection of Candida auris antifungal drug resistance markers directly from clinical skin swabs","volume":"63","author":"Kordalewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myac057\/45253326\/myac057.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/60\/8\/myac057\/45474932\/myac057.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/60\/8\/myac057\/45474932\/myac057.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T11:58:27Z","timestamp":1660823907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myac057\/6655997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myac057","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"article-number":"myac057"}}