{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:10:15Z","timestamp":1790475015389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8129690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8129690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["833247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Candida africana is a fungal pathogen that rarely causes invasive infections, but is mainly isolated from patients with vaginal infections. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is associated with dysregulated inflammatory responses of the host, however, the innate immune responses against C. africana are currently unknown. In this study, we explored the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to different C. africana isolates (intra-species diversity), and compared it with that induced by other yeasts belonging to the C. albicans species complex such as C. dubliniensis and C. albicans. Candida africana isolates induced both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines broadly similar to other Candida species. Candida africana-stimulated PBMCs tended to produce lower Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 levels in comparison with C. albicans, whereas the induction of trained immunity was similar between C. africana and other Candida species. Overall, our results demonstrate that C. africana induces similar innate immune responses as the other Candida species. Therefore, its propensity to cause vulvovaginal infections is not due to an increased capacity to induce cytokine-related immune pathology. Nor is the infrequent occurrence of invasive infection by C. africana explained by a quantitatively different cytokine induction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:29:10Z","timestamp":1664929750000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Activation of cytokine responses by <i>Candida africana<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2992-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta","family":"Rosati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center , 6525 GA Nijmegen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariolina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University 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Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital , Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc\/Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis , Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 , Curitiba , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center , 6525 GA Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn , 53115 Bonn , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101214375541500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0748-8","article-title":"Current 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