{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:47:37Z","timestamp":1778010457959,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malassezia sympodialis and Malassezia furfur are recognized as an important part of the human and animals healthy skin microbiota, but also as an opportunistic fungus due to their association with a broad spectrum of skin and systemic infections. Human skin infections associated with Malassezia spp. are often chronic, recurrent, and topical or oral azole treatments are challenging with not always successful outcomes. A wide inter and intraspecies antifungal susceptibility variability that may suggest a combination of wild-type strains and resistant mutants was reported. The essential oils are complex hydrophobic mixtures of different compounds extracted from plants by distillation and have demonstrated antimicrobial activity. In this study, toxicity in the larvae model and the ability of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) and carvacrol to inhibit virulence factors such as hydrophobicity, adherence, and biofilm formation of M. sympodialis and M. furfur was evaluated. We have demonstrated the antifungal activity of OVEO and carvacrol against both species. Carvacrol was more active and less toxic than OVEO at low concentrations (&amp;lt; 1\u00a0mg\/ml). Malassezia sympodialis showed a significant decrease in adherence and its ability to form biofilms when OVEO or carvacrol is present. Both Malassezia species showed reduced hydrophobicity in the presence of carvacrol. Further studies will have to be carried out to understand how these substances act, but the inhibition of some virulence factors could represent a new target to overcome the problem of drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T02:46:26Z","timestamp":1679625986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modulatory effect of<i>Origanum vulgare<\/i>essential oil and carvacrol on<i>Malassezia<\/i>spp. virulence factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Angiolella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases \u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7362-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Micolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste , CONICET, Resistencia , Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Micolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste , CONICET, Resistencia , Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Giusiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Micolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste , CONICET, Resistencia , Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx134","article-title":"Malassezia ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Theelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-14-3","article-title":"Distribution of Malassezia species on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and healthy volunteers assessed by conventional and molecular identification methods","volume":"14","author":"Jagielski","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13116","article-title":"Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions","volume":"55","author":"Prohic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2012.12048","article-title":"Skin commensal fungus Malassezia and its lipases","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","article-title":"Virulence and biofilms as promising targets in developing antipathogenic drugs against Candidiasis","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947812Y.0000000047","article-title":"Characterization of biofilms in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans","volume":"25","author":"Vavala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","first-page":"25","article-title":"Role of cell surface hydrophobicity in the pathogenesis of medically-significant fungi","author":"Danchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx014","article-title":"Biofilm, adherence, and hydrophobicity as virulence factors in Malassezia Furfur","volume":"56","author":"Angiolella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa017","article-title":"Biofilm formation, adherence, and hydrophobicity of M. Sympodialis, M. Globosa, and M. Slooffiae from clinical isolates and normal skin virulence factors of M. Sympodialis, M. Globosa and M. Slooffiae","volume":"58","author":"Angiolella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac060","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac060","article-title":"Virulence factors of Malassezia strains isolated from pityriasis versicolor patients and healty individuals","volume":"60","author":"Chemil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad003","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad003","article-title":"Comparison of Malassezia furfur virulence factors in Pityriasis versicolor patients and bloodstream infections of preterm infants","volume":"61","author":"Rhimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12577","article-title":"The role of drug efflux pumps in Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur defence against azoles","volume":"60","author":"Iatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac048","article-title":"Malassezia species: the need to establish epidemiological cutoff values","volume":"60","author":"Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00338-17","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing of Malassezia spp. with an optimized colorimetric broth microdilution method","volume":"55","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1377","article-title":"Activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Arellanes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51358-0_17","article-title":"Product validation process based on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants","volume-title":"Agricultural, forestry and bioindustry biotechnology and biodiscovery","author":"Mussin","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03518-z","article-title":"Origanum Vulgare L. essential oil inhibits virulence patterns of Candida Spp. and potentiates the effects of fluconazole and nystatin in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Cid-Chevecich","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/157489112799829684","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: current progress and future prospectives","volume":"7","author":"Nostro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat Anti-Infect Drug Discov"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00165","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant group A Streptococci","volume":"6","author":"Magi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1468325","article-title":"Chemical characterization and antifungal activity of Origanum Vulgare, Thymus Vulgaris essential oils and carvacrol against Malassezia Furfur","volume":"33","author":"Vinciguerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25240","article-title":"Developing Galleria mellonella as a model host for human pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.12.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor lesions in Northeast Argentina","volume":"27","author":"Giusiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","article-title":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts","volume-title":"CLSI M27 A4","author":"CLSI","year":"2020","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu010","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia Furfur, Malassezia Sympodialis, and Malassezia Globosa to azole drugs and amphotericin B evaluated using a broth microdilution method","volume":"52","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00284-08","article-title":"The cell wall of the human pathogen Candida glabrata\u202f: differential incorporation of novel adhesin-like wall proteins","volume":"7","author":"Groot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pdb.prot087379","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot087379","article-title":"Crystal violet assay for determining viability of cultured cells","volume":"2016","author":"Feoktistova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","article-title":"Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella","volume":"79","author":"Daniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701191373","article-title":"Update on the genus Malassezia","volume":"45","author":"Ashbee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614446","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.614446","article-title":"Cutaneous Malassezia: commensal, pathogen, or protector?","volume":"10","author":"Vijaya Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00112","article-title":"Malassezia-associated skin diseases, the use of diagnostics and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Saunte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070708","article-title":"zoonotic implications, parallels and differences in colonization and disease in humans and animals","volume":"8","author":"Hobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2015.10.012","article-title":"Efficacy of medicinal essential oils against pathogenic Malassezia Sp. isolates","volume":"26","author":"Khosravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mycol M\u00e9d"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.08.003","article-title":"In vitro activity of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol combined with antifungals against Malassezia pachydermatis","volume":"29","author":"Schlemmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mycol M\u00e9d"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5937\/ffr49-37683","article-title":"Essential oils as antimicrobial and anti-adhesion agents against bacteria Salmonella typhimurium and Stafilococcus aures, and yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviasiae","volume":"49","author":"Tomi\u010di\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Feed Res"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","first-page":"112218","article-title":"In vitro activities of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol against Candida Biofilms","volume-title":"Biomed Pharmacother","author":"Miranda-Cadena","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03355-1","article-title":"In vivo\u201d and \u201cin vitro\u201d antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two phenolic compounds on clinical isolates of Candida spp","volume":"205","author":"Stringaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032715055892500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2478\/jppr-2014-0008","article-title":"Effect of Thymus Vulgaris L. and Origanum Vulgare L. essential oils on toxicity, food consumption, and biochemical properties of lesser Mulberry Pyralid Glyphodes Pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"54","author":"Yazdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Plant Protect Res"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad026\/49614198\/myad026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/3\/myad026\/49650789\/myad026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/3\/myad026\/49650789\/myad026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T11:40:05Z","timestamp":1702122005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad026\/7084995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"article-number":"myad026"}}