{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:07:27Z","timestamp":1790208447747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cryptococcosis is a neglected tropical disease and the main cause of fungal-related deaths in HIV-positive persons in Africa. It is an AIDS-defining illness that has almost surpassed tuberculosis (TB) in mortality despite wide coverage with antiretroviral therapy. What is known about the cryptococcosis burden in Africa is from estimations based on data from a few studies on the infection burden and associated complications. Consequently, the projected implications of cryptococcosis in Africa have been based on these estimations. This systematic review is aimed at providing unique and up-to-date data on the burden of cryptococcosis in Africa using published hospital-based research data on cryptococcosis in HIV infected and uninfected persons. The review also focused on providing temporal data on the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic options for cryptococcosis in Africa. From our results, about 40\u2009948 cases of cryptococcosis were reported in Africa from 1969 to 2021, and the highest prevalence of cryptococcosis was from southern Africa. The most isolated species was Cryptococcus neoformans 42.4% (17\u2009710\/41\u2009801) and only 1.3% (549\/41\u2009801) isolates were C. gattii. C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I 64.5% (918\/1522) was the most prevalent serotype in Africa, while C. gattii (serotype C) VG IV was thought to pose a huge danger. However, C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I continued to be the major threat in Africa. Due to the limited availability of molecular typing methods and the widespread use of culture, direct microscopy, and serological techniques for diagnosis, 23\u2009542 isolates were uncharacterised. Amphotericin B and flucytosine combination therapy is highly recommended for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. However, these drugs are expensive and remain largely unavailable in most African countries. Amphotericin B requires laboratory facilities to monitor for toxicity. Although fluconazole monotherapy is the readily available treatment option for cryptococcosis, drug resistance, and high mortality have been recorded in majority of cases in Africa. The lack of awareness and paucity of published data on cryptococcosis are likely to have contributed to the underestimation of cases in Africa and led to underprioritisation of this important disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T04:07:49Z","timestamp":1685246869000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cryptococcosis in Africa: What the data tell us"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chibuike","family":"Ibe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University , Uturu, PMB 2000 , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinonyelum Annette","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University , Uturu, PMB 2000 , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeka","family":"Nweze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka , Enugu, PO Box 3146 , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akaninyene","family":"Otu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Leeds General Infirmary , Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in a previously healthy child","volume":"29","author":"Chimowa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu191","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of central nervous system opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian adults","volume":"58","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac","article-title":"Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1086\/587667","article-title":"Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"46","author":"Kambugu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832be0fc","article-title":"High ongoing burden of cryptococcal disease in Africa despite antiretroviral roll out","volume":"23","author":"Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from HIV-infected patients in Madagascar: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Rakotoarivelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz485","article-title":"Cryptococcal-related mortality despite fluconazole preemptive treatment in a cryptococcal antigen screen-and-treat program","volume":"70","author":"Wake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(9983)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60164-7","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis screening and community-based early adherence support in people with advanced HIV infection starting antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania and Zambia: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Mfinanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023060914143853300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010720","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on invasive fungal infections in Africa: what have we learned?","volume":"16","author":"Ibe","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.7.672","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis complicating remote skull fracture","volume":"41","author":"Lester","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib16","first-page":"120","article-title":"A case of disseminated cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Dube","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.3.157","article-title":"Pulmonary and bilateral retinochoroidal crypococcosis","volume":"67","author":"Bisseru","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905515Y.0000000018","article-title":"A rare case of neonatal cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-unexposed 2-day-old infant: the youngest to date?","volume":"36","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i3.5","article-title":"It is not always tuberculosis! a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent child in Uganda","volume":"21","author":"Nakatudde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.25082\/AGPM.2020.01.002","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in an immunocompetent adult: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Numbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in General Practice of Medicine."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.01.076","article-title":"Early onset of paucisymptomatic cryptococcal meningitis in a kidney transplant patient: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Yaich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"(3492504)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid fatal outcome of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a non-HIV immunocompromised patient with a low fluconazole susceptibility isolate: a case report from Madagascar","volume":"2016","author":"Raberahona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib23","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Disseminated cryptococcosis as a complication of lupus nephritis","volume":"28","author":"Beji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"(6692767)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6692767","article-title":"Atypical presentation of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"2021","author":"Hashem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib25","first-page":"221","article-title":"Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in sub-Saharan Africa: killer disease with sparse data","volume":"6","author":"Assogba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.004","article-title":"The fight against mycoses in Africa, are we making progress?","volume":"28","author":"Ibe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"(18)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283570567","article-title":"A comparison of cases of paediatric-onset and adult-onset cryptococcosis detected through population-based surveillance, 2005\u20132007","volume":"26","author":"Meiring","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30771-4","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: time for action","volume":"21","author":"Stott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix430","article-title":"Advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease in Botswana following successful antiretroviral therapy rollout: Incidence of and temporal trends in cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"65","author":"Tenforde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2012.05.012","article-title":"Cryptoccocal meningitis and HIV in the era of HAART in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"42","author":"Aoussi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib31","first-page":"486","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Douala, Cameroon: a cross sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Luma","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"(5\u20136)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9710-8","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in Senegal: epidemiology, laboratory findings, therapeutic and outcome of cases diagnosed from 2004 to 2011","volume":"176","author":"Sow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency and distribution patterns of opportunistic infections associated with HIV\/AIDS in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Rubaihayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.15406\/jnsk.2021.11.00459","article-title":"Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"11","author":"Katabwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Stroke"},{"issue":"(8839238)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and associated factors among HIV\/AIDS patients at Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2021","author":"Jemal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib36","first-page":"721","article-title":"HIV screening among patients followed for cryptococcal meningitis in developing countries: data from Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"8","author":"Mutendela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030781","article-title":"Tuberculosis in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is associated with an increased risk of death","volume":"9","author":"Rutakingirwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib38","first-page":"481","article-title":"The prevalence, clinical features, risk factors and outcome associated with cryptococcal meningitis in HIV positive patients in Kenya","volume":"87","author":"Mdodo","year":"2010","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"(SUPPL. 3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.2255","article-title":"Pulmonary cryptococcosis misdiagnosed as smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis with fatal consequences","volume":"14","author":"Jarvis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060914143853300_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated tuberculosis occurring in an immunocompetent male","volume":"2016","author":"Musabende","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023060914143853300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009","article-title":"Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii\/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex","volume":"78","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000265","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Yaound\u00e9 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients exhibited intra-individual genetic diversity and variation in antifungal susceptibility profiles between isolates from the same patient","volume":"65","author":"Ngouana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12019","article-title":"Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Cameroonian HIV-positive adult patients","volume":"19","author":"Bertout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib45","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"Zono","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(3492504)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid fatal outcome of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a non-HIV immunocompromised patient with a low fluconazole susceptibility isolate: a case report from Madagascar","volume":"2016","author":"Raberahona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.2.97.103","volume":"38","author":"Cogliati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00972.x","article-title":"Determination of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans mating type by multiplex PCR","volume":"10","author":"Esposto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.04.104","article-title":"First report of two cases of cryptococcosis in Tripoli, Libya, infected with Cryptococcus neoformans isolates present in the urban area","volume":"27","author":"Ellabib","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02930967","article-title":"Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype A and A\/D in samples from Egypt","volume":"48","author":"Abdel-Salam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/432486","article-title":"Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"192","author":"Litvintseva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01277-10","article-title":"Analyses of pediatric isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from South Africa","volume":"49","author":"Miglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003847","article-title":"Genotypic diversity is associated with clinical outcome and phenotype in cryptococcal meningitis across Southern Africa","volume":"9","author":"Beale","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.02.018","article-title":"Cryptococcus tetragattii as a major cause of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected individuals in Harare,\u00a0Zimbabwe","volume":"72","author":"Nyazika","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000354","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans population diversity and clinical outcomes of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis patients in Zimbabwe","volume":"65","author":"Nyazika","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101113","article-title":"First report of cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto VGI in an Ivorian HIV negative patient","volume":"31","author":"Bellet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Mycol"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12539","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity among 363 isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex in 61 Ivorian HIV-positive patients","volume":"59","author":"Kassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"First case of mixed infection with Cryptococcus deuterogattii and Cryptococcus neoformans VNI in an Ivorian HIV-positive patient","volume":"3","author":"Kassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: a follow up study","volume":"13","author":"Kassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.2.155.168","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii","volume":"39","author":"Sorrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"(302)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and biological profile of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis among people living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"37","author":"Zono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90033-0","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in Cairo, Egypt: report of five cases","volume":"89","author":"Solimanl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017627","article-title":"Meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans biovar gattii in a zairean AIDS patient","volume":"6","author":"Kapend'a","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90512-6","article-title":"Clinical isolates of HIV-associated cryptococcosis in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"88","author":"Batchelor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1997.11747881","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in African children","volume":"17","author":"Subramanyam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.3.658","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infertion in Bujumbura, Burundi","volume":"147","author":"Kamanfu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90423-N","article-title":"Two cases of HIV-associated cryptococcosis due to the variety gattii in Rwanda","volume":"87","author":"Bogaerts\u2019","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)94161-0","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"28","author":"Maher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-010-0107-2","article-title":"Clinical trial report: treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the developing world","volume":"12","author":"Tunkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib70","first-page":"369","article-title":"Magnitude of cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV infected patients at a referral hospital, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"28","author":"Derbie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"(5017120)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5017120","article-title":"Opportunistic cryptococcal antigenemia in the HAART era at HIV epidemic settings of northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Negash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03600-4","article-title":"Essential in vitro diagnostics for advanced HIV and serious fungal diseases: international experts\u2019 consensus recommendations","volume":"38","author":"Bongomin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90239-1","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in Zimbabwe","volume":"79","author":"Gould","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1086\/653606","article-title":"Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin b and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety","volume":"51","author":"Hamill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1086\/649861","article-title":"Combination flucytosine and high-dose fluconazole compared with fluconazole monotherapy for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial in Malawi","volume":"50","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110285","article-title":"A prospective study of mortality from cryptococcal meningitis following treatment induction with 1200 mg oral fluconazole in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"9","author":"Gaskell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067311","article-title":"A prospective longitudinal study of the clinical outcomes from cryptococcal meningitis following treatment induction with 800 mg oral fluconazole in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"8","author":"Rothe","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4209-7","article-title":"Management of amphotericin-induced phlebitis among HIV patients with cryptococcal meningitis in a resource-limited setting: a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Ahimbisibwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib80","first-page":"1","article-title":"High burden of cryptococcal antigenemia and meningitis among patients presenting at an emergency department in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"16","author":"Deiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy515","article-title":"Short-course high-dose liposomal amphotericin B for human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Jarvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010825","article-title":"The acceptability of the AMBITION-cm treatment regimen for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: findings from a qualitative methods study of participants and researchers in Botswana and Uganda","volume":"16","author":"Lawrence","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3026-4","article-title":"AMBIsome Therapy Induction OptimisatioN (AMBITION): high dose AmBisome for cryptococcal meningitis induction therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol for a phase 3 randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"19","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2023060914143853300_bib84","volume-title":"Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3386-0","article-title":"Ischemic stroke as a complication of cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: A case report","volume":"18","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(26)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312884","article-title":"Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"370","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023060914143853300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010625","article-title":"Integrated healthcare approach can curb the increasing cases of cryptococcosis in Africa","volume":"16","author":"Ibe","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad049\/50465601\/myad049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/6\/myad049\/50530631\/myad049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/6\/myad049\/50530631\/myad049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T16:14:57Z","timestamp":1686327297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad049\/7181489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"article-number":"myad049"}}