{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:15:11Z","timestamp":1768814111336,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015.013.033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015.013.033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Eumycetoma is a subcutaneous implantation mycosis often found in the foot. One of the hallmarks of eumycetoma is the formation of grains. These grains are either black or white, and the consistency and morphology differs per causative agent. The two most common causative agents of black-grain eumycetoma are Madurella mycetomatis and Falciformispora senegalensis. Since grains cannot be formed in vitro, in vivo models are needed to study grain formation. Here, we used the invertebrate Galleria mellonella to establish an in vivo grain model for F. senegalensis. Three different F. senegalensis strains were selected, and four different inocula were used to infect G. mellonella larvae, ranging from 0.04\u00a0mg\/larvae to 10\u00a0mg\/larvae. Larval survival was monitored for 10 days. Grain formation was studied macroscopically and histologically. The efficacy of antifungal therapy was determined for itraconazole, amphotericin B, and terbinafine. A concentration of 10\u00a0mg F. senegalensis per larva was lethal for the majority of the larvae within 10 days. At this inoculum, grains were formed within 24 h after infection. The grains produced in the larvae resembled those formed in human patients. Amphotericin B given at 1\u00a0mg\/kg 4\u00a0h, 28\u00a0h, and 52\u00a0h after infection prolonged larval survival. No enhanced survival was noted for itraconazole or terbinafine. In conclusion, we developed a F. senegalensis grain model in G. mellonella larvae in which grains were formed that were similar to those formed in patients. This model can be used to monitor grain formation over time and study antifungal efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T20:33:08Z","timestamp":1689280388000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A <i>Falciformispora senegalensis<\/i> grain model in <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i> larvae"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3983-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickey","family":"Konings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies","family":"Verbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy W J","family":"van\u00a0de\u00a0Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008397","article-title":"The global distribution of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma","volume":"14","author":"Emery","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002550","article-title":"Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Van\u00a0de\u00a0Sande","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib3","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Fungi causing eumycotic mycetoma","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","edition":"12th edn."},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00359-X","article-title":"Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease","volume":"16","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023081809103962900_bib5","first-page":"560","article-title":"Medical mycology","volume":"61","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"1992","journal-title":"Philadelphia: Lea Febiger"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13442","article-title":"Eumycetoma causative agents are inhibited in vitro by luliconazole, lanoconazole and ravuconazole","volume":"65","author":"Nyuykonge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa184","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents","volume":"115","author":"van\u00a0de\u00a0Sande","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003926","article-title":"A Madurella mycetomatis\u00a0grain model in Galleria mellonella larvae","volume":"9","author":"Kloezen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx064","article-title":"Amphotericin B and terbinafine but not the azoles prolong survival in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"56","author":"Kloezen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14025","article-title":"Amphotericin B but not itraconazole is able to prevent grain formation in experimental Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in mice","volume":"173","author":"van\u00a0de\u00a0Sande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023081809103962900_bib11","author":"CDC. 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