{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:24:40Z","timestamp":1770971080635,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal species causing diverse diseases in humans. The use of azoles for treatments of A. fumigatus diseases has resulted in azole resistance. Azoles are also widely used in the environment for crop protection, which resulted in azole resistance. Resistance is primarily due to mutations in cyp51A, which encodes the target protein for azoles. Here we addressed the occurrence of azole resistance in soils from a vast part of Switzerland. We aimed to associate the use of azoles in the environment with the occurrence of azole resistance. We targeted sample sites from different agricultural environments as well as sites with no agricultural practice (natural sites and urban sites). Starting from 327 sites, 113 A. fumigatus isolates were recovered (2019\u20132021), among which 19 were azole-resistant (15 with TR34\/L98H and four with TR46\/Y121F\/T289A resistance mutations in cyp51A). Our results show that azole resistance was not associated with a specific agricultural practice. Azoles could be chemically detected in investigated soils, however, their presence was not associated with the occurrence of azole-resistant isolates. Interestingly, genetic markers of resistance to other fungicides were detected but only in azole-resistant isolates, thus reinforcing the notion that A. fumigatus cross-resistance to fungicides has an environmental origin.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In conclusion, this study reveals the spreading of azole resistance in A. fumigatus from the environment in Switzerland. The proximity of agricultural areas to urban centers may facilitate the transmission of resistant strains to at-risk populations. Thus, vigilant surveillance is required to maintain effective treatment options for aspergillosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T17:14:40Z","timestamp":1699290880000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Occurrence of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i> azole resistance in soils from Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Sch\u00fcrch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Gindro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Schnee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Henri","family":"Dubuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josep Massana","family":"Codina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope , 1260 Nyon , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Riat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Infectious Diseases and Service of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University , 1205 Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-5597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Lamoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Sanglard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis: from basics to clinics","volume":"100","author":"Arastehfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Mycol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.118","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus: a growing public health menace","volume":"6","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057","article-title":"Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision","volume":"3","author":"Bongomin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1086\/651263","article-title":"Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001\u20132006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database","volume":"50","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: can we retain the clinical use of mold-active antifungal azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5778","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01141-13","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus to isavuconazole: correlation with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole","volume":"57","author":"Gregson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043","article-title":"Frequency and evolution of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus associated with treatment failure","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-07-14-0202-R","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to an azole fungicide in the grapevine powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe necator","volume":"105","author":"Frenkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100521","article-title":"Antifungal agents in agriculture: friends and foes of public health","volume":"9","author":"Brauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050219","article-title":"Emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus and spread of a single resistance mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Snelders","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit320","article-title":"Aspergillosis due to voriconazole highly resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and recovery of genetically related resistant isolates from domiciles","volume":"57","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Linden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01091-2","article-title":"Population genomics confirms acquisition of drug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infection by humans from the environment","volume":"7","author":"Rhodes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0028022","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00280-22","article-title":"Species distribution and antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus section fumigati isolates in clinical samples from the United States","volume":"60","author":"Badali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13535","article-title":"Five-year surveillance study of clinical and environmental triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in Iran","volume":"66","author":"Khojasteh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040227","article-title":"Hmg1 Gene mutation prevalence in triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates","volume":"6","author":"Resendiz-Sharpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0518822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05188-22","article-title":"hapE and hmg1 mutations are drivers of cyp51A-independent pan-triazole resistance in an Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolate","volume":"11","author":"Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S307","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500090826","article-title":"Azole and fungicide resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates","volume":"43","author":"Meneau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw005","article-title":"Identification of Aspergillus fumigatus multidrug transporter genes and their potential involvement in antifungal resistance","volume":"54","author":"Meneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140717","article-title":"Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Linden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AAC.02088","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02088-17","article-title":"Azole resistance of environmental and clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from Switzerland","volume":"62","author":"Riat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab638","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab638","article-title":"Distribution of Aspergillus species and prevalence of azole resistance in respiratory samples from Swiss tertiary care hospitals","volume":"9","author":"Ragozzino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.09.008","article-title":"How to: EUCAST recommendations on the screening procedure E.Def 10.1 for the detection of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates using four-well azole-containing agar plates","volume":"25","author":"Guinea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102161","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensititre YeastOne and etest in comparison with CLSI M38-A2 for antifungal susceptibility testing of three azoles, amphotericin B, Caspofungin, and Anidulafungin, against Aspe r gillus fumigatus and other species, using new clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values","volume":"14","author":"Melhem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib27","volume-title":"Epidemiological Cut-Off Values for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical_and_Laboratory_Standards_Institute_(CLSI)","year":"2018","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz004","article-title":"Multi-centric evaluation of the online MSI platform for the identification of cryptic and rare species of Aspergillus by MALDI-TOF","volume":"57","author":"Imbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00642","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00642-21","article-title":"Multiresistance to nonazole fungicides in Aspergillus fumigatus TR34\/L98H azole-resistant isolates","volume":"65","author":"Gonzalez-Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009711","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009711","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment: identifying key reservoirs and hotspots of antifungal resistance","volume":"17","author":"Burks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01549","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01549-17","article-title":"Elevated MIC values of imidazole drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus isolates with TR(34)\/L98H\/S297T\/F495I mutation","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00335-12","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates harboring the TR34\/L98H azole resistance mechanism","volume":"50","author":"Camps","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0180321","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01803-21","article-title":"Genomic diversity of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Etienne","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3177-6","article-title":"Determination of azole fungal residues in soils and detection of Aspergillus fumigatus-resistant strains in market gardens of Eastern France","volume":"25","author":"Rocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.07.022","article-title":"Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: a review","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.247","article-title":"Tebuconazole induces triazole-resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in liquid medium and soil","volume":"648","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181625","article-title":"Environmental hotspots for Azole resistance selection of Aspergillus fumigatus, the Netherlands","volume":"25","author":"Schoustra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13488","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in sawmills of Eastern France","volume":"123","author":"Jeanvoine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.12.007","article-title":"Pesticide behavior in paddy fields and development of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: should we be concerned?","volume":"28","author":"Vaezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599233","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.599233","article-title":"The multi-fungicide resistance status of Aspergillus fumigatus populations in arable soils and the wider European environment","volume":"11","author":"Fraaije","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab427","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab427","article-title":"Evidence for the agricultural origin of resistance to multiple antimicrobials in Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungal pathogen of humans","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genetics"},{"key":"2023111619332170300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.10.003","article-title":"The one health problem of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: current insights and future research agenda","volume":"34","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol Rev"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad110\/52761053\/myad110.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/11\/myad110\/53475670\/myad110.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/61\/11\/myad110\/53475670\/myad110.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T19:33:46Z","timestamp":1700163226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad110\/7335734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myad110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"article-number":"myad110"}}