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The species is known to produce aflatoxins, posing a significant risk to human health. This study aimed to investigate the aflatoxin profiles of A. flavus isolates causing FRS in Sudan. A total of 93 clinical and 34 environmental A. flavus isolates were studied. Aflatoxin profiles were evaluated by phenotypic (thin-layer and high-performance chromatography) and genotypic methods at various temperatures and substrates. Gene expression of aflD and aflR was also analyzed. A total of 42\/93 (45%) isolates were positive for aflatoxin B1 and AFB2 by HPLC. When the incubation temperature changed from 28\u00b0C to 36\u00b0C, the number of positive isolates decreased to 41% (38\/93). Genetic analysis revealed that 85% (79\/93) of clinical isolates possessed all seven aflatoxin biosynthesis-associated genes, while 27% (14\/51) of non-producing isolates lacked specific genes (aflD\/aflR\/aflS). Mutations were observed in aflS and aflR genes across both aflatoxin-producers and non-producers. Gene expression of aflD and aflR showed the highest expression between the 4th and 6th days of incubation on the Sabouraud medium and on the 9th day of incubation on the RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium. Aspergillus flavus clinical isolates demonstrated aflatoxigenic capabilities, influenced by incubation temperature and substrate. Dynamic aflD and aflR gene expression patterns over time enriched our understanding of aflatoxin production regulation. The overall findings underscored the health risks of Sudanese patients infected by this species, emphasizing the importance of monitoring aflatoxin exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T22:28:04Z","timestamp":1712269684000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aflatoxin profiles of <i>Aspergillus flavus<\/i> isolates in Sudanese fungal rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Shaoqin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University , 561113, Guiyang , China"},{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology , 6525 GA, Nijmegen , The 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Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University , 561113, Guiyang , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3436-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology , 6525 GA, Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi , 1214 GP, Hilversum , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024042409471825100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030055","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, diagnosis, antifungal 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