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Thriving as a saprophytic fungus in its natural habitat, it transitions into a pathogenic yeast phase at the mammalian physiological temperature of 37\u00b0C. Historically, talaromycosis has been predominantly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), classified among the three primary opportunistic infections linked with AIDS, alongside tuberculosis and cryptococcosis. As advancements are made in HIV\/AIDS treatment and control measures, the incidence of talaromycosis co-infection with HIV is declining annually, whereas the population of non-HIV-infected talaromycosis patients is steadily increasing. These patients exhibit diverse risk factors such as various types of immunodeficiency, malignant tumors, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation, among others. Yet, a limited number of retrospective studies have centered on the clinical characteristics and risk factors of HIV-negative talaromycosis patients, especially in children and patients with hematological malignancies, resulting in an inadequate understanding of this patient cohort. Consequently, we conducted a comprehensive review encompassing the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HIV-negative talaromycosis patients, concluding with a prospectus of the disease\u2019s frontier research direction. The aim is to enhance comprehension, leading to advancements in the diagnosis and treatment rates for these patients, ultimately improving their prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T01:18:53Z","timestamp":1726622333000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Advances in the understanding of talaromycosis in HIV-negative patients (especially in children and patients with hematological malignancies): A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6203-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology; The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University , Shanghai 200003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology; The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University , Shanghai 200003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology; The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University , Shanghai 200003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangwei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Linping District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , 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