{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:12:12Z","timestamp":1783566732376,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2403264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2403264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Trichophyton indotineae has emerged as a significant global public health concern due to its role in recalcitrant dermatophytosis and antifungal treatment failure. Precise identification of T. indotineae is essential for timely and effective therapy, and for curbing the spread of antifungal resistance. However, current routine diagnostic methods are limited to reliably distinguish T. indotineae from other closely related dermatophytes. This study aimed to develop and evaluate three simple, cost-effective molecular methods for the accurate differentiation of T. indotineae. In silico analyses were performed to identify specific restriction enzyme cut sites within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the topoisomerase II gene of T. indotineae. A total of 430 dermatophyte isolates, including 267 previously identified by ITS sequencing and 163 clinical isolates of unknown identity, were subjected to PCR amplification of ITS and topoisomerase II followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using EarI (Eam11041) and BsuRI (HaeIII), respectively. Additionally, a previously described T. indotineae-specific PCR assay was evaluated. The enzyme EarI digested the ITS region of T. indotineae, producing a distinct PCR-RFLP pattern; likewise, BsuRI digested the topoisomerase II gene, enabling accurate differentiation of T. indotineae. The isolates previously identified by ITS sequencing were correctly classified by both methods, achieving high sensitivity and specificity. The T. indotineae-specific PCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity, although faint cross-reactivity was observed with T. tonsurans isolates. The ITS-PCR-RFLP and topoisomerase II-PCR-RFLP methods demonstrated high accuracy, affordability, and speed for the reliable identification of T. indotineae, making them suitable for routine use in clinical laboratories, especially in resource-limited settings. Although the T. indotineae-specific PCR assay showed high sensitivity, occasional cross-reactivity with T. tonsurans suggests that it should be interpreted with caution and ideally used alongside confirmatory tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T23:25:45Z","timestamp":1755041145000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of simple molecular methods for distinction of the newly emerging dermatophyte <i>Trichophyton indotineae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima","family":"Aboutalebian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, Research Core Facilities, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Jahanshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran Department of Mycology, , Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Shidfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, , Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Chadeganipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Shadzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahboobeh","family":"Kharazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, , Shiraz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahzad","family":"Erami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Department of Infectious Disease, , Kashan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Mirhendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Isfahan University Department of Genetics, , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Mirhendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, Research Core Facilities, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025082004464392300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13091","article-title":"Alarming India-wide phenomenon of antifungal resistance in dermatophytes: a multicentre study","volume":"63","author":"Ebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2025082004464392300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0073-9","article-title":"Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes","volume":"182","author":"de\u00a0Hoog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082004464392300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12848","article-title":"A clarion call for preventing taxonomical errors of dermatophytes using the example of the novel Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VIII uniformly isolated in the Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis","volume":"62","author":"Nenoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082004464392300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17241","article-title":"Emerging antifungal treatment failure of dermatophytosis in Europe: take care or it may become endemic","volume":"35","author":"Saunte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082004464392300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123558","article-title":"Trichophyton indotineae, an emerging drug-resistant dermatophyte: a review of the treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Sonego","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082004464392300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070757","article-title":"Trichophyton indotineae\u2014an emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant dermatophytoses in India and worldwide\u2014a multidimensional perspective","volume":"8","author":"Uhrla\u00df","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082004464392300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70013","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70013","article-title":"Increasing and alarming prevalence of 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Sci Reports"},{"key":"2025082004464392300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00455-8","article-title":"Trichophyton indotineae sp. nov.: a new highly terbinafine-resistant anthropophilic dermatophyte species","volume":"185","author":"Kano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082004464392300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13086","article-title":"DNA topoisomerase 2 gene polymorphism in dermatophytes","volume":"63","author":"Shamsizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082004464392300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad020","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad020","article-title":"Microbial and clinical epidemiology of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the divergent causative agents","volume":"61","author":"Erami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med 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