{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:40:18Z","timestamp":1790030418194,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Melanized fungi have occasionally been identified as causative agents of severe phaeohyphomycoses, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma. In a retrospective study conducted from January 2012 to December 2022, a total of 133 melanized fungi were isolated from hospitalized patients at the NIH Clinical Center, both with and without known underlying predisposing factors. Isolate identification was based on phenotypic characteristics, matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), and PCR sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Members of the black yeast order Chaetothyriales were the most prevalent (40, 30%), predominantly Exophiala dermatitidis (30\/40, 75%). Other major groups included: Capnodiales (30, 22.6%), Pleosporales (24, 18%), Mycosphaerellales (19, 14.3%), Calosphaeriales (8, 6%), and Venturiales (7, 5.3%). MALDI-ToF often failed to accurately identify the isolates, except for E. dermatitidis, which yielded scores\u00a0\u22652. ITS sequencing was effective in accurately identifying the melanized fungi encountered in clinical settings. Antifungal susceptibility testing against eight antifungal agents showed that azoles, micafungin, and terbinafine exhibited in vitro activity against most isolates. In contrast, olorofim and amphotericin B were less effective. Notably, Phaeoacremonium species (Calosphaeriales) exhibited distinct antifungal susceptibility patterns. Accurate identification of melanized fungi in clinical laboratories is essential for selecting effective antifungal therapy, understanding susceptibility patterns to available agents, supporting epidemiological monitoring, and ultimately enhancing clinical outcomes in patients affected by these often complex and opportunistic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T18:22:42Z","timestamp":1755022962000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spectrum of clinically significant melanized fungi in NIH hospitalized patients and their antifungal susceptibility profiles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8425-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana G","family":"Vitale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET) , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Unidad de Parasitolog\u00eda, Sector Micolog\u00eda, Hospital JM Ramos Mejia , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sybren","family":"de\u00a0Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi , Hilversum ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"RadboudUMC\/CWZ Center for Expertise in Mycology , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Scudder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherin E","family":"Shahegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma I","family":"Aneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Tolooe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Pathobiology, , Guelph, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P","family":"Fennelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail S","family":"Lionakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June","family":"Kwon-Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Seyedmousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025082703512214300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00103-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease\u2014author\u2019s reply","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361251313841","article-title":"The impact of climate change on the epidemiology of fungal infections: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and public health strategies","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47149-z","article-title":"Clinically used broad-spectrum antibiotics compromise inflammatory monocyte-dependent antibacterial defense in the lung","volume":"15","author":"Dorner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: a side-effect of environmental fungicide use?","volume-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","author":"Verweij","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1927978","article-title":"Recent developments in less known and multi-resistant fungal opportunists","volume":"47","author":"Vitale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053318","article-title":"Host control of fungal infections: lessons from basic studies and human cohorts","volume-title":"Annu Rev Immunol","author":"Lionakis","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-023-00518-3","article-title":"The origin of human pathogenicity and biological interactions in","volume":"125","author":"Quan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fungal Divers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01446.x","article-title":"Sewage and community shower drains are environmental reservoirs of Fusarium solani species complex group 1, a human and plant pathogen","volume":"10","author":"Mehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082703512214300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903405774","article-title":"Indoor wet cells harbour melanized agents of cutaneous infection","volume":"48","author":"Lian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082703512214300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148166","article-title":"The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis and other selected opportunistic human fungal pathogens spread from dishwashers to kitchens","volume":"11","author":"Zupancic","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-012-0194-5","article-title":"Cyphellophora and its relatives in Phialophora: biodiversity and possible role in human infection","volume":"65","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fungal Divers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0218-5","article-title":"Exophiala dermatitidis revealing cystic fibrosis in adult patients with chronic pulmonary disease","volume":"183","author":"Grenouillet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx108","article-title":"Direct detection of exophiala and scedosporium species in sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00093-13","article-title":"Black yeasts and their filamentous relatives: principles of pathogenesis and host defense","volume-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13642","article-title":"Mycetoma: reviewing a neglected disease","volume-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","author":"Verma","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802538001","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment","volume-title":"Med Mycol","author":"Queiroz-Telles","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.11.002","article-title":"Differential distribution patterns of Fonsecaea agents of chromoblastomycosis, exemplified by the first case due to F. monophora from Argentina","volume-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep","author":"Label","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib18","author":"de\u00a0Hoog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atlas of Clinical Fungi"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600637690","article-title":"Survival of a neglected case of brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana","volume-title":"Med Mycol","author":"Delfino","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70131-8","article-title":"Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis\u2014a cure at what lengths?","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5419-5423.2004","article-title":"Fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Curvularia lunata in an immunocompetent patient","volume-title":"J Clin Microbiol","author":"Carter","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.05.012","article-title":"Curvularia brain abscess","volume":"20","author":"Gadgil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-018-0539-2","article-title":"Inherited CARD9 deficiency: invasive disease caused by ascomycete fungi in previously healthy children and adults","volume-title":"J Clin Immunol","author":"Corvilain","year":"2018"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025082703512214300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e159348","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI159348","article-title":"Human Dectin-1 deficiency impairs macrophage-mediated defense against phaeohyphomycosis","volume":"132","author":"Drummond","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib25","first-page":"e84006","article-title":"Severe disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a patient with inherited CARD9 deficiency","volume-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis","author":"Vaezi","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082703512214300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13244","article-title":"Comparative genomics of opportunistic Phialophora species involved in divergent disease types","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471266949.bmc295","article-title":"Antifungal drugs","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burger\u2019s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12515","article-title":"ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of systemic phaeohyphomycosis: diseases caused by black fungi","volume-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00270","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00270-18","article-title":"Combination of amphotericin B and terbinafine against melanized fungi associated with chromoblastomycosis","volume":"62","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082703512214300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02526-15","article-title":"Combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine against neurotropic species of melanized fungi causing primary cerebral phaeohyphomycosis","volume":"60","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00065-12","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycoses, emerging opportunistic diseases in animals","volume":"26","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib32","first-page":"M38","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi","author":"CLSI","year":"2017","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02012-06","article-title":"Spectrum of clinically relevant exophiala species in the United States","volume-title":"J Clin Microbiol","author":"Zeng","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2002.00779.x","article-title":"High prevalence of the neurotrope Exophiala dermatitidis and related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities","volume-title":"Mycoses","author":"Matos","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082703512214300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01899-10","article-title":"High rate of Exophiala dermatitidis recovery in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"49","author":"Kondori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0275-4","article-title":"Invasive fungal infection caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in a patient after lung transplantation: case report and literature review","volume":"184","author":"Klasinc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.12.009","article-title":"A fatal case of Exophiala dermatitidis disseminated infection in an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient during micafungin therapy","volume":"25","author":"Hagiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12295","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera: an increasing disease in young females in mainland China? Two case reports and review of five cases reported from mainland China","volume-title":"Mycoses","author":"Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01836","article-title":"Human CARD9: a critical molecule of fungal immune surveillance","volume-title":"Front Immunol","author":"Drummond","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12962","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phialophora americana\u00a0with CARD9 mutation and 20-year literature review in China","volume-title":"Mycoses","author":"Huang","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1930","article-title":"Inherited CARD9 deficiency in otherwise healthy children and adults with Candida species-induced meningoencephalitis, colitis, or both","volume-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","author":"Lanternier","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005293","article-title":"CARD9-dependent neutrophil recruitment protects against fungal invasion of the central nervous system","volume-title":"Plos Pathog","author":"Drummond","year":"2015"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025082703512214300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89890","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89890","article-title":"Extrapulmonary Aspergillus infection in patients with CARD9 deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Rieber","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208487","article-title":"Deep dermatophytosis and inherited CARD9 deficiency","volume-title":"N Engl J Med","author":"Lanternier","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00487-0","article-title":"CARD9 deficiency in a Chinese man with cutaneous mucormycosis, recurrent deep dermatophytosis and a review of the literature","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810719","article-title":"A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections","volume-title":"N Engl J Med","author":"Glocker","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00740-2","article-title":"Inherited CARD9 deficiency in a patient with both Exophiala spinifera and Aspergillus nomius severe infections","volume-title":"J Clin Immunol","author":"Perez","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082703512214300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12290","article-title":"A case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Fonsecaea monophora, a neurotropic dematiaceous fungus, and a review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Doymaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780801914906","article-title":"Cladophialophora bantiana: a rare cause of fungal brain abscess. Clinical aspects and new therapeutic options","volume-title":"Med Mycol","author":"Garzoni","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2019.02.004","article-title":"A black mould death: a case of fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana","volume-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep","author":"Howlett","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-023-00124-7","article-title":"Sugarcane: an unexpected habitat for black yeasts in Chaetothyriales","volume":"14","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.04.005","article-title":"Cladosporium sphaerospermum causing brain abscess, a saprophyte turning pathogen: case and review of published reports","volume-title":"J Mycol Med","author":"Batra","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082703512214300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i11.3490","article-title":"Pulmonary cladosporium infection coexisting with subcutaneous Corynespora cassiicola infection in a patient: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12805","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12805","article-title":"Sinusitis caused by Exserohilum rostratum after cord blood transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome: a case report and literature review","volume-title":"Transpl Infect Dis","author":"Kohashi","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082703512214300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00212.x","article-title":"Ethmoidal sinusitis caused by Exserohilum rostratum in a patient with malignant lymphoma after non-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Togitani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100561","article-title":"Alternaria alternata infection causing rhinosinusitis and orbital involvement in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"32","author":"Hattab","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082703512214300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.875","article-title":"Cutaneous alternariosis in transplant recipients: clinicopathologic review of 9 cases","volume":"52","author":"Gilaberte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082703512214300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2012.08.010","article-title":"Cutaneous alternariosis in a renal transplant recipient: a case report and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025082703512214300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0094-4","article-title":"Successful posaconazole therapy of disseminated alternariosis due to alternaria infectoria in a heart transplant recipient","volume":"182","author":"Lyskova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00674.x","article-title":"Lethal systemic dissemination from a cutaneous infection due to Curvularia lunata in a heart transplant recipient","volume-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","author":"Tessari","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00576","article-title":"Fatal curvularia brain abscess in a heart and kidney transplant recipient","volume":"17","author":"Gonzales\u00a0Zamora","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082703512214300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212723","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02127-23","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in antifungal resistance: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082703512214300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1701-1707.2005","article-title":"Antifungal therapy of experimental cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana","volume":"49","author":"Al-Abdely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-010-0004-z","article-title":"Clinical and treatment aspects of brown-black fungi","volume-title":"Curr Fungal Infect R","author":"Revankar","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802566333","article-title":"In vitro activity of antifungal drugs against Cladophialophora species associated with human chromoblastomycosis","volume-title":"Med Mycol","author":"Vitale","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082703512214300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780903008813","article-title":"Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis of 36 years duration caused by Fonsecaea monophora","volume":"48","author":"Najafzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12648","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous Curvularia infection in an immunocompromised host; diagnostic challenges and experience with voriconazole","volume-title":"J Cutan Pathol","author":"Balla","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2003.00791.x","article-title":"Curvularia\u2013favorable response to oral itraconazole therapy in two patients with locally invasive phaeohyphomycosis","volume-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","author":"Safdar","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082703512214300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2012.02171.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of cutaneous alternariosis with caspofungin in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"55","author":"Seyfarth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1086\/380840","article-title":"Case study: posaconazole treatment of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis due to","volume-title":"Clin Infect Dis","author":"Negroni","year":"2004"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082703512214300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0043421","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00434-21","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of olorofim against systemic scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis","volume":"65","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082703512214300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00256","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00256-21","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility profiles of olorofim (formerly F901318) and currently available systemic antifungals against mold and yeast phases of Talaromyces marneffei","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch"},{"key":"2025082703512214300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106105","article-title":"In vitro activity of olorofim (F901318) against fungi of the genus, Scedosporium and Rasamsonia as well as against Lomentospora prolificans, Exophiala dermatitidis and azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myaf072\/63969210\/myaf072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/63\/8\/myaf072\/63969210\/myaf072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/63\/8\/myaf072\/63969210\/myaf072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T07:51:28Z","timestamp":1756281088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myaf072\/8223394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myaf072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"article-number":"myaf072"}}