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They are opportunistic pathogens of particular concern in HIV-infected and other immunocompromised populations. In this study, the occurrence and genetic diversity of microsporidian infections (Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp.) were investigated in socially vulnerable populations from disadvantaged areas in southern Madagascar. Epidemiological questionnaires were used to collect demographic data and potential risk factors. Faecal samples (n\u00a0=\u00a0436) from 318 children and adolescents (7\u201321 years), 57 young mothers (16\u201321 years), and 61 of their infants (0\u20135 years) were collected and analysed using molecular methods (PCR and Sanger sequencing). Only E. bieneusi infections were detected, with an overall prevalence of 3.0% (95% CI: 1.6\u20135.0). The highest prevalence was observed in young mothers (3.5%; 95% CI: 0.4\u201312.1), nearly followed by infants (3.3%; 95% CI: 0.4\u201311.4). Genotyping of E. bieneusi was successfully performed in 11 of the 13 positive samples, identifying five known genotypes (A, CAF1, D, PigEBITS7, and Type IV) and one novel genotype, designated HhMdEb1. The most frequently detected genotypes were A and CAF1. All genotypes identified, including the novel genotype, belong to Group 1, which is characterised by low host specificity and high zoonotic potential. The detection of genotypes commonly associated with animal hosts suggests both zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission pathways. These findings underscore the need to implement integrated control strategies within the framework of the \u2018One Health\u2019 approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:22:45Z","timestamp":1760617365000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular diversity of\n                    <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi<\/i>\n                    (microsporidia) among children, adolescents, and young women in poor-resource settings in southern Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Tapia-Veloz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela C","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Women for Africa Foundation , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX) , Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Gozalbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science of the Food, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia Department of Medicine and Public Health, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e0rius Vicent","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carmena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Trelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110905420821900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001020","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-20","article-title":"Microsporidiosis in humans","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025110905420821900_bib2","first-page":"797","article-title":"Influence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection on child growth: a secondary analysis of the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study","volume":"112","author":"Haque","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025110905420821900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.4.426","article-title":"Human microsporidial 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