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Consequently, A. fumigatus may be exposed to agricultural fungicides widely used for crop protection. The use of azole fungicides in the environment has been implicated in the emergence of azole antifungal resistance in A. fumigatus. In vitro susceptibility of a collection of both clinical (n\u00a0=\u00a014) and environmental (n\u00a0=\u00a06) A. fumigatus isolates was determined against fungicides with different modes of action (demethylation inhibitors, Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitor (SDHI), Quinone outside Inhibitors (QoI), Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamate (MBC) and polyene). Sequencing of tubA, CYTB and SDHB, which encode the cellular targets of these fungicides, was performed. Eventually, the impact of resistance on the basal growth kinetics was assessed using a selection of two susceptible and two resistant isolates. Cross-resistance between medical triazole antifungal and agricultural triazole fungicides was confirmed, except for isolates with G54R\/E substitutions in the cyp51A protein. No correlation was observed between resistance to triazole antifungals and imidazole fungicides. We identified seven MBC- (five environmental and two clinical isolates), five QoI- (three environmental and two clinical isolates) and one environmental SDHI-resistant isolates. Resistant phenotypes were associated with amino acid substitutions in beta-tubulin (F219Y and E217A), cytB (G143A) and sdhB (H270Y). Multi-fungicide resistance was not systematically associated with reduced growth kinetic. Multi-fungicide resistance, including at least resistance to one non-azole fungicide, was identified in sevenA. fumigatus isolates, of which two were clinical isolates. This last observation supports the hypothesis of the environmental pathway leading to antifungal resistance in A. fumigatus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T13:03:13Z","timestamp":1764766993000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-fungicide resistance in both clinical and environmental isolates of the human fungal pathogen\n                    <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4284-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Hartuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9 , CHU Nantes, Cibles et m\u00e9dicaments des infections et de l\u2019immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9 , CHU Nantes, Cibles et m\u00e9dicaments des infections et de l\u2019immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3453-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taieb","family":"Chouaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Parasitologie Mycologie M\u00e9dicales , CHU Amiens Picardie 80054 Amiens ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Inserm U1285, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unit\u00e9 de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , F-59000 Lille ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5859-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florent","family":"Morio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9 , CHU Nantes, Cibles et m\u00e9dicaments des infections et de l\u2019immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Arturo","family":"Alvarez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna , Bogot\u00e1 111321 ,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universitaria Colombia , Cl\u00ednica Colsanitas Grupo Keralty, Bogot\u00e1 110121 ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Le\u00a0Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9 , CHU Nantes, Cibles et m\u00e9dicaments des infections et de l\u2019immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose-Anne","family":"Lavergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9 , CHU Nantes, Cibles et m\u00e9dicaments des infections et de l\u2019immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025122409221610900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.06.017","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus: Saprophyte or pathogen?","volume":"8","author":"Tekaia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025122409221610900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latge\u0301","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122409221610900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00140","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis in 2019","volume":"33","author":"Latg\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025122409221610900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.171925","article-title":". 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