{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:44:47Z","timestamp":1771458287157,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-Aspergillus invasive mould infections (IMIs) are emerging in immunocompromised patients, and liver is the second most commonly organ transplanted worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multicenter retrospective case-control (1:1) study of liver transplant (LT) recipients diagnosed with non-Aspergillus IMIs in France between January 2007 and December 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 27\/14\u2009332 (0.18%) LT recipients with non-Aspergillus IMIs. Mucorales spp. (48%) were the most common pathogens, followed by Scedosporium spp. (14%), Fusarium spp. (14%), and other IMIs (25%). Lungs were the primary infection site, followed by soft tissues, abdomen, brain, sinuses, heart, and bone. Multivariate analysis showed that a Model for End-stage Liver Disease score\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a020 prior to transplantation and primary antifungal prophylaxis (with echinocandins or fluconazole) tended to increase the risk of non-Aspergillus IMIs by nearly threefold ((adjusted Odd Ratio (aOR): 3.73, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.90\u201315.45], P\u00a0=\u00a0.07) and (aOR: 3.93; 95% CI [0.94\u201316.42], P\u00a0=\u00a0.06), respectively). The 6-month mortality rate was 55%. In a Cox survival model, non-Aspergillus IMIs were associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk (Hazard Ratio (HR) : 3.82 [2.01\u20137.26] P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-Aspergillus IMIs are rare but highly fatal infections whose early diagnosis in high-risk liver-transplanted patients is essential. Whether or not recently available molecular tools for diagnosing non-Aspergillus IMIs will improve their prognosis in the liver transplantation setting remains to be studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:01:55Z","timestamp":1765976515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-\n                    <i>Aspergillus<\/i>\n                    invasive mould infections in liver transplant recipients: A French national retrospective case-control study, 2007\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9a","family":"Melenotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , 75743 PARIS CEDEX 15 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre M\u00e9dical de l\u2019Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Le\u00a0Hyaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , 67091 Strasbourg cedex ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Guichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de r\u00e9animation m\u00e9dicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon , 69004 Lyon ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"El\u00a0Domiaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, AP-HP H\u00f4pital Paul Brousse, Hepato-Biliary Centre , Villejuif-France, INSERM UMR 1193, 94800 Villejuif ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Helwan , D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine End\u00e9mique, 11795 Le Caire ,","place":["Egypte"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Sant\u00e9 Publique , 67091 Strasbourg cedex ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019H\u00e9patologie, H\u00f4pital Beaujon, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , 92118 Clichy ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Bonnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, AP-HP , 75018 Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Vignals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , 33076 Bordeaux ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1645-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Lefranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie , F-33076 Bordeaux ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine P\u00e9ri Op\u00e9ratoire, , 63 003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1471-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Moniot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Clermont-Ferrand D\u00e9partement de Parasitologie-Mycologie, , 3IHP, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63 003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3908-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Vuotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Universitaire de Maladies Infectieuses , CHU 59037 Lille ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Loridant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU de Lille , 1 Boulevard J. 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