{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:46:54Z","timestamp":1790887614869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EEQ\/2018\/000658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEQ\/2018\/000658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021014","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common skin condition affecting the scalp and other sebaceous-rich areas. Most recent studies have focused on the microbiota of individuals with SD and healthy controls, suggesting an association of microbial dysbiosis. The variations in the microbiota at lesional and non-lesional sites of SD patients and healthy controls remain unexplored. The present study aimed to characterize the microbiota in SD patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyse microbial composition and diversity of fungi and bacteria on the lesional and non-lesional sites of SD patients (n\u00a0=\u00a060) and from the scalp of healthy individuals (n\u00a0=\u00a030) using culture-based methods and high-throughput sequencing (n\u00a0=\u00a08 each group) of the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA and the V3\u2013V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA. The culture-based approach revealed a significant association between the combination of \u2018Malassezia and aerobic bacteria\u2019 and lesions in patients, especially in severe cases. Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus capitis, and S. epidermidis were the most common isolates. Microbiome results revealed lower species richness of both fungal (observed features, P\u00a0=\u00a0.0105 and Chao1, P\u00a0=\u00a0.0487) and bacterial (observed features, P\u00a0=\u00a0.0016 and Chao1, P\u00a0=\u00a0.001) communities with higher relative abundance of M. restricta (61%, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.0001) and Staphylococcus (40%, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.0001) and Corynebacterium (16%, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.0001) on lesional sites than on non-lesional sites. A decrease in alpha diversity of both fungal and bacterial flora, on the lesional site compared to the non-lesional site, suggests an association between site-specific dysbiosis and SD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:14:50Z","timestamp":1769516090000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Malassezia<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Staphylococcus<\/i>\n                    are associated with scalp seborrheic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Dogra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunaloke","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Doodhadhari Burfani Hospital and Research Institute , Bhupatwala, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249410 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archana","family":"Angrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sendhil","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsimran","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anup K","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-9253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaprakash M","family":"Rudramurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026021205170949500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-11","article-title":"The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases","volume":"25","author":"Gaitanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021205170949500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsymp.5650048","article-title":"A practical guide to scalp disorders","volume":"12","author":"Grimalt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021205170949500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14091","article-title":"An update on the microbiology, immunology and genetics of seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Adalsteinsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021205170949500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2005.10104.x","article-title":"The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff","volume":"10","author":"Ro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021205170949500_bib5","first-page":"431","article-title":"Association of Malassezia species with dandruff","volume":"139","author":"Rudramurthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021205170949500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701017","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora in seborrheic dermatitis patients: Comparison with other diseases and healthy subjects","volume":"128","author":"Tajima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021205170949500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058203","article-title":"Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp","volume":"8","author":"Clavaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00157","article-title":"Dysbiotic bacterial and fungal communities not restricted to clinically affected skin sites in dandruff","volume":"6","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021205170949500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2494.2000.00024.x","article-title":"The antidandruff efficacy of a shampoo containing piroctone olamine and salicylic acid in comparison to that of a zinc pyrithione shampoo","volume":"22","author":"Lod\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021205170949500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa050","article-title":"Sociodemographic characteristics and spectrum of Malassezia species in individuals with and without seborrheic dermatitis\/dandruff: A comparison of residents of the urban and rural populations","volume":"59","author":"Honnavar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021205170949500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.015","article-title":"Identification of Malassezia species by MALDI-TOF MS after expansion of database","volume":"92","author":"Honnavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021205170949500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/600885","article-title":"Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: Routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Seng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/mycokeys.10.4852","article-title":"Shotgun metagenomes and multiple primer pair-barcode combinations of amplicons reveal biases in metabarcoding analyses of fungi","volume":"10","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"MycoKeys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021205170949500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib15","article-title":"Babraham bioinformatics\u2014FastQC a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data","author":"Babraham","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib16","author":"Galore","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081257","DOI":"10.1101\/081257","article-title":"UNOISE2: improved error-correction for Illumina 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing","author":"Edgar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biorxiv"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026021205170949500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12481","article-title":"Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of fungi","volume":"22","author":"K\u00f5ljalg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026021205170949500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026021205170949500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021205170949500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","article-title":"Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB","volume":"72","author":"DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021205170949500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12513459","article-title":"Skin flora maps: A tool in the study of cutaneous cology","volume":"67","author":"Bibel","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021205170949500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.13188\/2373-1044.1000082","article-title":"Role of Malassezia furfur and M. globosa in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Sibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021205170949500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13293","article-title":"Collapse of human scalp microbiome network in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021205170949500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-020-02333-5","article-title":"Malassezia and Staphylococcus dominate scalp microbiome for seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021205170949500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14952","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14952","article-title":"Lesional skin of seborrheic dermatitis patients is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction and correlating alterations in the stratum corneum ceramide composition","volume":"33","author":"Rousel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2026021205170949500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00346","article-title":"Comparison of healthy and dandruff scalp microbiome reveals the role of commensals in scalp health","volume":"8","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag005\/66590181\/myag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/64\/2\/myag005\/66590181\/myag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/64\/2\/myag005\/66590181\/myag005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:17:20Z","timestamp":1770891440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag005\/8442227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"article-number":"myag005"}}