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However, the mechanism of atmospheric transport of arthroconidia has yet to be defined. As such, it is unclear whether the association between dust exposure and Coccidioides is coincidental or not: do soil-disturbing events simultaneously cause both free-floating Coccidioides conidia and dust particles (i.e., particulate matter) to become entrained in the atmosphere, or is Coccidioides attached to dust particles and they are jointly suspended? In this short article, we propose the dust-borne atmospheric transport hypothesis: Coccidioides conidia are transported in the atmosphere attached to dust particles, which protect the fungi from harsh environmental conditions like desiccation and UV exposure, allowing them to travel far while remaining viable in comparison to free-floating aerial transport. If true, the dust-borne atmospheric transport hypothesis provides a means for mechanistically modeling the transport and exposure risk of Coccidioides via atmospheric dispersion modeling and suggests health implications from simultaneous exposure to dust and a fungal pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myag012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:37:14Z","timestamp":1771936634000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hypothesis on the dust-borne atmospheric transport of\n                    <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n                    , causative fungal pathogen for coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan E","family":"Gorris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget M","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences, , Flagstaff, Arizona ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031604412818800_bib1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Annual report","author":"Gifford","year":"1937"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026031604412818800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870490011003","article-title":"Effect of season and dust control on coccidioidomycosis","volume":"132","author":"Smith","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Amer Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026031604412818800_bib3","first-page":"527","article-title":"Tempest from Tehachapi takes toll or Coccidioides conveyed aloft and afar","volume":"129","author":"Pappagianis","year":"1978","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031604412818800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.76.5.566","article-title":"Symptomatic coccidioidomycosis following a severe natural dust storm. 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