{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T02:50:14Z","timestamp":1776048614221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Research in Medical Mycology"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre at Department of Medical Microbiology"},{"name":"National Culture Collection of Pathogenic Fungi"},{"name":"Mycology Division"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology"},{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Onychomycosis has a prevalence varying from 2% to 8% at present. The incidence is rising day-by-day worldwide. There are only a few studies that have looked into resistance pattern of onychomycosis isolates, and so the present study was planned to study the epidemiology and mycological profile, including antifungal susceptibility testing, for patients presenting with onychomycosis. The present prospective study (January 2019 to June 2020) was conducted on a total of 92 clinically suspected patients of onychomycosis as per standard mycological techniques. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was done for itraconazole, terbinafine, griseofulvin, and amphotericin B as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Sixty-five out of 92 (70.6%) nail samples were positive for fungal aetiology on KOH examination, while 50 samples grew fungi. Nineteen (38%) were dermatophytes (95% CI: 24.6%\u201351.4%), while 31 (62%) of the isolates were non-dermatophytes (22 non-dermatophyte moulds, NDM [95% CI: 30.3%\u201357.7%]; and 9 yeast [95% CI: 7.4%\u201328.6%]). Onychomycosis was more common in males (55.3%) and in the age group 41\u201350 years. Twenty-one patients had diabetes. Great toe [40 (61.5%)] as affected nail and distal and lateral onychomycosis was the most common presentation [47(72.3%)]. Among dermatophytes, MIC range was 0.125\u20132\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml for terbinafine, while it was 0.25\u20134\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml for itraconazole. The MIC50 and MIC90 values were low for amphotericin B, while very high for griseofulvin. Among Aspergillus sp. and yeast isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range was low for terbinafine and itraconazole as 0.03\u20130.25\u03bcg\/ml, 0.06\u20138\u03bcg\/ml, 0.03\u20130.25\u03bcg\/ml and 0.03\u20130.25\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml respectively. Over the years, the treatment of onychomycosis has been shifted from griseofulvin to terbinafine and itraconazole as has been proven by the study too that MIC values for griseofulvin were very high. It is important to study and generate data regarding the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profile of not only dermatophytes but also NDMs and yeast, which are increasingly isolated, for not only epidemiological purposes but also to plan targeted treatment at optimum doses of antifungals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myag024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1773924271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting onychomycosis: Etiological agents and antifungal susceptibility profile"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"H S","family":"Lalchungnunga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College Hospital Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology, , Chandigarh 160030 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College Hospital Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology, , Chandigarh 160030 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mala","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College Hospital Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology, , Chandigarh 160030 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagdish","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College Hospital Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology, , Chandigarh 160030 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000485632","article-title":"The impact of onychomycosis on quality of life: a systematic review of the available literature","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord"},{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2428140","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant keratinolytic dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes causing onychomycosis in outpatients","volume":"20","author":"Akter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693522","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.693522","article-title":"A mycological and molecular epidemiologic study on onychomycosis and determination in vitro susceptibilities of isolated fungal strains to conventional and new antifungals","volume":"11","author":"Halvaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib4","first-page":"32","article-title":"Onychomycosis: an updated review","volume":"14","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107111","article-title":"Unveiling onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and innovative treatment strategies","volume":"198","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"2026041222264286700_bib6","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi. 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