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In the literature review, we identified 24 cases of potential non-Candida yeasts and dimorphic molds-related ICNSFIs, 75% were associated with CNS diversion devices, and 63% were Cryptococcus neoformans infection. The median time from the procedure to the onset of CNS symptoms was 6.5 months. These patients had mild cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (median WBC, 12 \u00d7 10\u2076\/l). The 90-day mortality rate was 17%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myag034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T11:40:47Z","timestamp":1776253247000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal central nervous system infection caused by non-\n                    <i>Candida<\/i>\n                    yeasts and dimorphic fungi following neurosurgical procedures: Iatrogenic or not?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5241-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yu","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel S","family":"Hicklen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Medical Library, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P","family":"Kontoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Infectious Diseases, , Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026050505270426000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.874282","article-title":"Fungal central nervous system infections: Prevalence and diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Kourbeti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050505270426000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.17.11920-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of septic meningitis associated with neuraxial anesthesia: A historical review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Zorrilla-Vaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050505270426000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000723","article-title":"Central nervous system infections associated with neurologic devices","volume":"34","author":"Bloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050505270426000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00282","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00282-25","article-title":"An unintended consequence: A review of iatrogenic central nervous system mold infections and outbreaks","volume-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","author":"Chiu","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050505270426000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2021.11.003","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection by Cryptococcus neoformans sensu stricto: Case report and literature review","volume":"39","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050505270426000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.4.486","article-title":"Infection of an arterial prosthesis as the presenting manifestation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Control of disease with fluconazole","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050505270426000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350040118015","article-title":"Fungal meningitis manifesting as hydrocephalus","volume":"143","author":"Mangham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050505270426000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198809000-00017","article-title":"Successful treatment of cryptococcal ventriculoatrial shunt infection with systemic therapy alone","volume":"23","author":"Yadav","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050505270426000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac478","article-title":"Controversies in the management of central nervous system coccidioidomycosis","volume":"75","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026050505270426000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(91)90031-4","article-title":"Abdominal cyst formation following ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a case of hydrocephalus due to cryptococcal meningitis. 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