{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:00:03Z","timestamp":1790431203095,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Entomophthoromycosis is a chronic fungal granulomatous disease caused by Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species. This disease is associated with significant morbidity and prolonged treatment. This systematic review aims to address the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes of entomophthoromycosis. The MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using appropriate keywords for entomophthoromycosis from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2023. A total of 405 cases of entomophthoromycosis were included; of those, basidiobolomycosis (n\u00a0=\u00a0241\/405, 59.5%) was the most common, followed by conidiobolomycosis (n\u00a0=\u00a0123\/405, 30.4%) and unclassified entomophthoromycosis (n\u00a0=\u00a041\/405, 10.1%). Distinct epidemiological patterns were observed: basidiobolomycosis was most commonly reported from Middle Eastern countries (n\u00a0=\u00a0139\/241, 57.7%), whereas conidiobolomycosis was most commonly reported from Southeast Asian countries (n\u00a0=\u00a097\/123, 78.9%). The common clinical forms seen in basidiobolomycosis were gastrointestinal (n\u00a0=\u00a0164\/241, 68%) and cutaneous (n\u00a0=\u00a064\/241, 26.6%) disease, and rhino-facial disease (n\u00a0=\u00a0114\/123, 92.7%) in conidiobolomycosis. Demonstration of fungal hyphae by histopathology or by direct microscopy is the most common diagnostic method (n\u00a0=\u00a0377\/405, 93.1%). Culture positivity was higher in conidiobolomycosis (n\u00a0=\u00a094\/123, 76.4%) than in basidiobolomycosis (n\u00a0=\u00a0108\/241, 44.8%). Antifungal treatment with surgery (n\u00a0=\u00a0129\/231, 55.8%) was the common treatment strategy for basidiobolomycosis. Antifungal therapy alone (n\u00a0=\u00a077\/112, 68.8%) was the most commonly used treatment for conidiobolomycosis. Itraconazole was the most common antifungal used in treatment (n\u00a0=\u00a0228\/357, 63.9%), followed by potassium iodide (n\u00a0=\u00a0104\/357, 29.1%). Overall mortality of the cohort is 10.93% (n\u00a0=\u00a040\/366). Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis has a higher mortality (n\u00a0=\u00a028\/150, 18.7%). Both these diseases exhibit different geographic patterns and clinical forms. The disease mimics malignancies and other inflammatory diseases; high clinical suspicion is essential for prompt diagnosis and initiation of therapy to improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myag097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:25:14Z","timestamp":1788780314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Entomophthoromycosis: A systematic analysis of 405 cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Dinesh Reddy","family":"Gangavaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venereology and Leprosy, PES Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Department of Dermatology, , Kuppam 517425, Andhra Pradesh ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snigdha","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Department of Medical Microbiology, , Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalaiselvi","family":"Vinayagamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health (U.I.E.A.S.T), Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hariprasath","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PES Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Department of Microbiology, , Kuppam 517425, Andhra Pradesh ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Laboratory Division, Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute , Chengalpattu 603001 Tamil Nadu ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026092609012586800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00014","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-18","article-title":"Human pathogenic entomophthorales","volume":"31","author":"Vilela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026092609012586800_bib2","article-title":"Entomophthoromycosis","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Sherchan","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092609012586800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.04.005","article-title":"Entomophthoramycosis: A neglected tropical mycosis","volume":"22","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00820-3","article-title":"Disseminated basidiobolomycosis caused by Basidiobolus omanensis in a child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Case report and literature review","volume":"189","author":"Al\u00a0Yazidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092609012586800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01484-10","article-title":"Disseminated human conidiobolomycosis due to Conidiobolus lamprauges","volume":"49","author":"Kimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"December 2018","key":"2026092609012586800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.01.013","article-title":"Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: An emerging mycosis difficult to diagnose but curable. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Pezzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092609012586800_bib7","first-page":"90","article-title":"Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis, a rare and under-diagnosed fungal infection in immunocompetent hosts: A review article","volume":"40","author":"Geramizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092609012586800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31823db5c1","article-title":"Conidiobolomycosis in a young Malaysian woman showing chronic localized fibrosing leukocytoclastic vasculitis: A case report and meta-analysis focusing on clinicopathologic and therapeutic correlations with outcome","volume":"34","author":"Choon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"5_suppl","key":"2026092609012586800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319892475","article-title":"Rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Sigera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"2026092609012586800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2019\/40142.12701","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of conidiobolomycosis: A review of 75 cases from the indian subcontinent","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"issue":"s3","key":"2026092609012586800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12248","article-title":"Entomophthoromycosis: A challenging emerging disease","volume":"57","author":"El-Shabrawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"2026092609012586800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.06.009","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural features of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis","volume":"111","author":"Hussein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09664-8","article-title":"Navigating treatment for basidiobolomycosis: A qualitative review of 24 cases","volume":"24","author":"Pouladfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092609012586800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092609012586800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-25","article-title":"The development of QUADAS: A tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews","volume":"3","author":"Whiting","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092609012586800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00099","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092609012586800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003984","article-title":"Classification of rhinoentomophthoromycosis into atypical, early, intermediate, and late disease: A proposal","volume":"9","author":"Blumentrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092609012586800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007656818038","article-title":"A review of zygomycosis due to Basidiobolus ranarum","volume":"15","author":"Gugnani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092609012586800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035100","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1035100","article-title":"An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences","volume":"13","author":"Acosta-Espa\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.11.004","article-title":"An unusual case of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis mimicking colon cancer; literature and review","volume":"29","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092609012586800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.5841","article-title":"A case of pediatric gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis mimicking Crohn's disease. A review of pediatric literature","volume":"34","author":"Al\u00a0Asmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092609012586800_bib23","first-page":"928","article-title":"Rhinofacial entomophthoramycosis; a case series and review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Leopairut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010026","article-title":"Global epidemiology of mucormycosis","volume":"5","author":"Prakash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092609012586800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/asmcr.00155-25","article-title":"Invasive Conidiobolus infection in an immunocompromised pediatric patient in Southern California","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ASM Case Reports"},{"key":"2026092609012586800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00142","article-title":"Colonic basidiobolomycosis\u2014An unusual presentation of eosinophilic intestinal inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Kurteva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05218-w","article-title":"Conidiobolus pachyzygosporus invasive pulmonary infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: case report and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Stavropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092609012586800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.4.557","article-title":"In-vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus spp. strains","volume":"44","author":"Guarro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026092609012586800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.024","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Conidiobolus lamprauges recovered from sheep to antifungal agents","volume":"166","author":"Tondolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092609012586800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13098-w","article-title":"Pediatric gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: Descriptive bicenteric retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Dhayhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092609012586800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102853","article-title":"Single-center retrospective study on basidiobolomycosis: Characteristics, management, and outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Abbag","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092609012586800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13294","article-title":"Rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis: Clinical and microbiological characterisation and shift in the management of a rare disease","volume":"64","author":"Varghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026092609012586800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00377.x","article-title":"Entomophthoromycosis in India\u2014A 4-year study","volume":"41","author":"Krishnan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092609012586800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e448","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2022.29","article-title":"Efficacy of two-phase treatment regimen for rhino-facial entomophthoromycosis: Our experience and review of literature","volume":"37","author":"Chadaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092609012586800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12966","article-title":"A prospective case series evaluating efficacy and safety of combination of itraconazole and potassium iodide in rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092609012586800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis250","article-title":"Emergence of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in the United States, with a review of worldwide cases","volume":"54","author":"Vikram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag097\/70999672\/myag097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/64\/9\/myag097\/70999672\/myag097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/64\/9\/myag097\/70999672\/myag097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1790427696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag097\/8788349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myag097","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"article-number":"myag097"}}