{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:40:28Z","timestamp":1785498028049,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]],"date-time":"2019-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis (CM) in dogs is typically based on clinical presentation, serology, and (less frequently) spherule identification. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) is the most commonly employed serological method, but AGID is slow (requiring up to a week for titer). A Coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is also available; however, sensitivity is low in CM dogs. An antibody EIA was developed to detect canine immunoglobulin G (IgG) reacting to Coccidioides antigens. Serum was evaluated from dogs with pathology proven CM and\/or AGID positive CM, as well as dogs with histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, non-fungal infections, or healthy dogs. A standard curve was used to convert optical density (OD) values into EIA units (EU). Serum and urine samples from CM dogs were also tested in the antigen EIA. Sensitivity and specificity for IgG were 89.2% and 97.2%, respectively, upon evaluation of dogs with proven or probable CM and control dogs. Cross-reactivity was observed in 7.7% and in 6.4% of dogs with histoplasmosis or blastomycosis, respectively. The antigen EIA alone was insensitive (33.8%). Combined IgG and antigen testing increased sensitivity to 93.2%, as three dogs were IgG-negative but had detectable serum or urine antigen. In 22 dogs with proven CM, sensitivity was statistically similar for antibody EIA and AGID (86% and 73%; P = .487). The MiraVista\u00ae canine Coccidioides antibody IgG EIA may aid in the diagnosis of CM by improving turnaround time with comparable sensitivity to AGID. Serial or concurrent testing by antibody and antigen EIAs may be beneficial when screening dogs for CM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T20:16:09Z","timestamp":1545336969000},"page":"800-806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Eric D","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics LLC. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell T","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Veterinary Internal Medicine Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley I","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle S","family":"Renschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics LLC. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley P","family":"Book","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Veterinary Specialists, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle M","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics LLC. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda L","family":"Smedema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics LLC. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Joseph","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics LLC. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2003.11833250","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"94","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1086\/496991","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"41","author":"Galgiani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5326\/0440226","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: a review","volume":"44","author":"Graupmann-Kuzma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.461","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: 24 cases (1995\u22122000)","volume":"222","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500327","article-title":"Coccidioides immitis mastitis in a mare","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.007","article-title":"Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans","volume":"1111","author":"Shubitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1846","article-title":"Incidence of coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic","volume":"226","author":"Shubitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.3.247","article-title":"Serology of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"3","author":"Pappagianis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.1.179-188.1990","article-title":"Composition, serologic reactivity, and immunolocalization of a 120-kilodalton tube precipitin antigen of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"58","author":"Cole","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.20.3.530-532.1984","article-title":"Evaluation of five commercially available immunodiffusion kits for detection of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(98)80765-7","article-title":"Protective immunity in coccidioidomycosis","volume":"149","author":"Cox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Immunol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175081","article-title":"Development of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against Coccidioides in dogs and other mammalian species","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6202","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of histoplasma antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay","volume":"51","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0107.x","article-title":"Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Spector","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05631-11","article-title":"Evaluation of coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis","volume":"19","author":"Kirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12306","article-title":"Serum and urine blastomyces antigen concentrations as markers of clinical remission in dogs treated for systemic blastomycosis","volume":"28","author":"Foy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.10.1133","article-title":"Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"247","author":"Mourning","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01880-16","article-title":"Enhanced antibody detection and diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with the MiraVista IgG and IgM detection enzyme immunoassay","volume":"55","author":"Malo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib20","article-title":"Evaluation of precision performance of quantitative measurement methods","volume-title":"Approved Guideline","author":"NCCLS","year":"2004","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib21","article-title":"Evaluation of the linearity of quantitative measurement procedures: a statistical approach","volume-title":"Approved Guideline","author":"NCCLS","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib22","article-title":"Assesment of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests using receiver operating characteristic curves","volume-title":"Approved Guidelines","author":"CLSI","year":"2011","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib23","article-title":"Evaluation of Matrix Effects","volume-title":"Approved Guideline","author":"CLSI","year":"2005","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.101987","article-title":"Geographic distribution of endemic fungal infections among older persons, United States","volume":"17","author":"Baddley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib26","first-page":"634","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Greene","year":"2012","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib27","article-title":"A retrospective review of canine coccidioidomycosis cases at a tertiary care center in Tucson","author":"LF BCaS"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1086\/592073","article-title":"Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with use of the Coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay","volume":"47","author":"Durkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019091119584325800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.049","article-title":"Laboratory aspects in the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"1111","author":"Saubolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/57\/7\/800\/29186197\/myy157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T21:21:55Z","timestamp":1605734515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/57\/7\/800\/5288583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myy157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]}}}