{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:17Z","timestamp":1790882537425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The pathogenicity of Candida albicans, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen, is attributed to several virulence factors. \u03b2-citronellol is a monoterpenoid present in several plant essential oils. The present study explores the antifungal potential and mode of action of \u03b2-citronellol against C. albicans ATCC 90028 (standard), C. albicans D-27 (FLC-sensitive), and C. albicans S-1 (FLC-resistant). Anti-Candida potential was studied by performing MIC, MFC, growth curves, disc diffusion, spot assay, and WST1 cytotoxic assay. Morphological transition was monitored microscopically in both solid and liquid hyphae inducing media. \u03b2-citronellol inhibits yeast to hyphal transition in both liquid and solid hyphae inducing media. It had a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and secretion of extracellular proteinases and phospholipases. We showed that it has an adverse effect on membrane ergosterol levels and modulates expression of related ERG genes. Expression profiles of selected genes associated with C. albicans pathogenicity displayed reduced expression in treated cells. This work suggests that \u03b2-citronellol inhibits morphological transition in C. albicans and decreases the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the early stage of infection as well as modulates the expression of associated genes. Pleiotropic phenotype shown by \u03b2-citronellol treated Candida cells suggests various modes of action. Further studies will assess the clinical application of \u03b2-citronellol in the treatment of fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T17:16:45Z","timestamp":1548263805000},"page":"93-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["\u03b2-citronellol alters cell surface properties of Candida albicans to influence pathogenicity related traits"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yamini","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit Kumar","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India"},{"name":"Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Perwez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshahid Alam","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhat","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India"},{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah-30001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22805","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22805","article-title":"Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000499","article-title":"Microbe Profile: Candida albicans: a shape-changing, opportunistic pathogenic fungus of humans","volume":"163","author":"Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1273-3","article-title":"Candida and invasive candidiasis: back to basics","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol. Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6515-1_2","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections","volume-title":"Human Fungal Pathogen Identification: Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Enoch","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S124918","article-title":"Antifungal resistance: current trends and future strategies to combat","volume":"10","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.02.003","article-title":"Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.3.400-428.2003","article-title":"Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Naglik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.122","article-title":"Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_479.x","article-title":"Differential phospholipase gene expression by Candida albicans in artificial media and cultured human oral epithelium","volume":"114","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2006","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib10","first-page":"73","article-title":"Comparison of proteinase, lipase and alpha-glucosidase activities from the clinical isolates of Candida species","volume":"59","author":"Bramono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn J Dis"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033818","article-title":"Rapid susceptibility testing and microcolony analysis of Candida spp. cultured and imaged on porous aluminum oxide","volume":"7","author":"Ingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107","article-title":"Development and regulation of single- and multi-species Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"16","author":"Lohse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.045054-0","article-title":"Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options","volume":"62","author":"Sardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x","article-title":"Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence","volume":"7","author":"Kumamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00280","article-title":"Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family vignettes: a review of Als protein structure and function","volume":"7","author":"Hoyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.048","article-title":"A recently evolved transcriptional network controls biofilm development in Candida albicans","volume":"148","author":"Nobile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160601104721","article-title":"Phytochemicals as Inhibitors of Candida Biofilm","volume":"22","author":"Raut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.021","article-title":"Antifungal effects of phytocompounds on Candida species alone and in combination with fluconazole","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5459-5463.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation by farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule","volume":"68","author":"Ramage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib20","first-page":"357","article-title":"Effects of citronellol and thymol on cell membrane composition of Candida albicans","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J Pharmacognosy"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.04.004","article-title":"Anti-Candida activity of geraniol involves disruption of cell membrane integrity and function","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3641-7","article-title":"Evaluation of biological and chemical insect repellents and their potential adverse effects","volume":"113","author":"Semmler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00375","article-title":"Action of different monoterpenic compounds against Anisakis simplex s.1. L3 larvae","volume":"11","author":"Hierro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-012-0632-4","article-title":"Citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, reduces nociceptive and inflammatory activities in rodents","volume":"66","author":"Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/795435","article-title":"Antibacterial effects and mode of action of selected essential oils components against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Lopez-Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.913299","article-title":"Antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol, two monoterpenes alcohols, against Trichophyton rubrum involves inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis","volume":"53","author":"Pereira Fde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1148573","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of geranium essential oil and its major component, citronellol, on degranulation and cytokine production by mast cells","volume":"80","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350310001633342","article-title":"Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils","volume":"12","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib29","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeast; Approved Standard-Third Edition","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/895193","article-title":"Sesamol: A natural phenolic compound with promising anticandidal potential","volume":"895193","author":"Ansari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pathog"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib31","first-page":"345","article-title":"Antifungal activities of Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its lead molecules","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.05.016","article-title":"Colorimetric cell proliferation assay for microorganisms in microtiter plate using water-soluble tetrazolium salts","volume":"75","author":"Tsukatani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.10.028","article-title":"Ocimum sanctum essential oil inhibits virulence attributes in Candida albicans","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00362178285380031","article-title":"Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans","volume":"20","author":"Price","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07503.x","article-title":"Cell wall integrity is linked to mitochondria and phospholipid homeostasis in Candida albicans through the activity of the post-transcriptional regulator Ccr4-Pop2","volume":"79","author":"Dagley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C (T) method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-010-9449-4","article-title":"Impaired ergosterol biosynthesis mediated fungicidal activity of oil based tin polymer","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Chem Res"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10599","DOI":"10.1039\/C6OB01718E","article-title":"Effect of novel triazole-amino acid hybrids on growth and virulence of Candida species: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"14","author":"Aneja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.506-508.2003","article-title":"Uses and limitations of the XTT assay in studies of Candida growth and metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Kuhn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.157","article-title":"Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host","volume":"15","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666160118112103","article-title":"The mechanistic targets of antifungal agents: an overview","volume":"16","author":"Mazu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mini-Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib42","first-page":"221","article-title":"Cloning of the late genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.ibj.21.4.275","article-title":"Regulation of ERG3, ERG6, and ERG11 genes in antifungal-resistant isolates of Candida parapsilosis","volume":"21","author":"Lotfali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2404-2412.2003","article-title":"Candida albicans mutations in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to several antifungal agents","volume":"47","author":"Sanglard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh245","article-title":"Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a monoterpene: evaluation of antifungal potential by DNA microarray analysis","volume":"54","author":"Parveen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104330","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms and human disease","volume":"69","author":"Nobile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002585","article-title":"Fungal biofilms","volume":"8","author":"Fanning","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020063","article-title":"Critical role of Bcr1-dependent adhesins in C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Nobile","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03300.x","article-title":"EFG1 is a major regulator of cell wall dynamics in Candida albicans as revealed by DNA microarrays","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-02-0191","article-title":"Regulation of the Candida albicans cell wall damage response by transcription factor Sko1 and PAS Kinase Psk1","volume":"1","author":"Rauceo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2020010209275196800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000752","article-title":"An extensive circuitry for cell wall regulation in Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Blankenship","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Medical Mycology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/58\/1\/93\/31677449\/myz009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article-pdf\/58\/1\/93\/31677449\/myz009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T09:29:25Z","timestamp":1577957365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mmy\/article\/58\/1\/93\/5370456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myz009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-3786","1460-2709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-3786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]}}}