{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:31:20Z","timestamp":1784194280874,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["470221\/2014-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["470221\/2014-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the Paracoccidioides genus. Most of the patients with chronic form present sequelae, like pulmonary fibrosis, with no effective treatment, leading to impaired lung functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antifibrotic activity of three compounds: pentoxifylline (PTX), azithromycin (AZT), and thalidomide (Thal) in a murine model of pulmonary PCM treated with itraconazole (ITC) or cotrimoxazole (CMX). BALB\/c mice were inoculated with P. brasiliensis (Pb) by the intratracheal route and after 8 weeks, they were submitted to one of the following six treatments: PTX\/ITC, PTX\/CMX, AZT\/ITC, AZT\/CMX, Thal\/ITC, and Thal\/CMX. After 8 weeks of treatment, the lungs were collected for determination of fungal burden, production of OH-proline, deposition of reticulin fibers, and pulmonary concentrations of cytokines and growth factors. Pb-infected mice treated with PTX\/ITC presented a reduction in the pulmonary concentrations of OH-proline, associated with lower concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 and higher concentrations of IL-10 compared to the controls. The Pb-infected mice treated with AZT\/CMX exhibited decreased pulmonary concentrations of OH-proline associated with lower levels of TGF-\u03b21, and higher levels of IL-10 compared controls. The mice treated with ITC\/Thal and CMX\/Thal showed intense weight loss, increased deposition of reticulin fibers, high pulmonary concentrations of CCL3, IFN-\u03b3 and VEGF, and decreased concentrations of IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, and TGF-\u03b21. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the antifibrotic role of PTX only when associated with ITC, and AZT only when associated with CMX, but Thal did not show any action upon addition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T19:27:40Z","timestamp":1568230060000},"page":"667-678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of antifibrotic and antifungal combined therapies in experimental pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Angela C","family":"Finato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033\u2013360 Bauru, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora F","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033\u2013360 Bauru, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070\u2013900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033\u2013360 Bauru, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070\u2013900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejair C","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL), 17034\u2013971 Bauru, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6382-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo S","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618\u2013687 Botucatu, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinaldo P","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070\u2013900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618\u2013687 Botucatu, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9verson T","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL), 17034\u2013971 Bauru, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria M M","family":"Paniago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070\u2013900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Venturini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). 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