{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:43:43Z","timestamp":1790012623440,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305036\/2017-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305036\/2017-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii are fungal pathogens that affect the central nervous system, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Due to the limited pharmacological arsenal available for the treatment of cryptococcosis associated with cases of antifungal resistance of Cryptococcus spp. reported in some studies, the search for new compounds with antifungal potential becomes relevant. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of phenothiazines (promethazine and chlorpromazine) on C. neoformans\/C. gattii planktonic cells and biofilms. In vitro planktonic susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution assay. The effect of phenothiazines was evaluated against biofilm formation and mature Cryptococcus biofilms. Biofilm morphology and ultrastructure were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Promethazine and chlorpromazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8\u201332\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and 4\u201316\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, respectively. As for biofilm formation, phenothiazines reduced biomass by 60% and metabolic activity by 90% at 64\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml; while in mature biofilms, reductions of 85% and 90% in biomass and metabolic activity, respectively, were observed at 1024\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. Promethazine and chlorpromazine were also able to disrupt and fragment biofilms. In conclusion, promethazine and chlorpromazine have antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus spp. These data show the potential of promethazine and chlorpromazine as antibiofilm drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T20:10:49Z","timestamp":1580155849000},"page":"906-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antifungal activity of promethazine and chlorpromazine against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii complex species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Raimunda S\u00e2mia Nogueira","family":"Brilhante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilker Jose Perez","family":"Gotay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandbergue Santos","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. 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Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora de Souza Collares Maia","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana de Aguiar","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J\u00falio Costa","family":"Sidrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos F\u00e1bio Gadelha","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Cel. 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